Editing Ireland (section)

===Union with Great Britain===
{{Main|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}

As a direct result of the 1798 rebellion in its aftermath in 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed [[Acts of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] and the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] to create a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].<ref name="Ward 1994 28">{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |title=The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782–1992 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |date=1994 |location=Washington, DC |page=28 |isbn=978-0-8132-0784-1}}</ref>

The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes.<ref name="Ward 1994 28"/> Thus, the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|united parliament at Westminster]] in London, though resistance remained, as evidenced by [[Robert Emmet]]'s failed [[Irish Rebellion of 1803]].

Aside from the development of the [[linen]] industry, Ireland was largely passed over by the [[Industrial Revolution]], partly because it lacked coal and iron resources<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD1750-1900 |title=Ireland AD 1750–1900 The Industrial Age |website=WorldTimelines.org.uk |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226180112/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD1750-1900 |archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&q=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&pg=PA314 |first=Cormac |last=Ó Gráda |title=Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780–1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1994 |pages=314–330 |isbn=978-0-19-820598-2 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206093038/https://books.google.com/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&q=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&pg=PA314 |url-status=live }}</ref> and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England,<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and Capitalism in Contemporary Ireland |first1=Paul |last1=Keating |first2=Derry |last2=Desmond |publisher=Avebury Press |location=Hampshire, UK |date=1993 |isbn=978-1-85628-362-5 |page=119}}</ref> which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Jacobsen |title=Chasing Progress in the Irish Republic |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1994 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Joel |last=Mokyr |title=Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1800–1850 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Oxon |date=1983 |page=152}}</ref>

[[File:FRENCH(1891) p118 THE FAMINE AT BOFIN.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] from ''Our Boys in Ireland'' by Henry Willard French (1891)]]
The [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] of 1845–1851 devastated Ireland, as in those years Ireland's population fell by one-third. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, with an additional million people emigrating during the famine, mostly to the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Irish Potato Famine |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |date=7 November 2008 |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/voices/irish_potato_famine.cfm |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223095446/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/voices/irish_potato_famine.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the century that followed, an economic depression caused by the famine resulted in a further million people emigrating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/emigration.html|title=Effects of the Famine: Emigration|website=wesleyjohnston.com|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228122057/http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/emigration.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the decade, half of all [[immigration to the United States]] was from Ireland. The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the [[Land War]]. Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid-20th century. Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8.2 million by the [[1841 census of Ireland|1841 census]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html |title=1841: A window on Victorian Britain – This Britain |work=[[The Independent]] |date=25 April 2006 |access-date=16 April 2009 |last=Vallely |first=Paul |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150617075008/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> The population has never returned to this level since.<ref>{{cite news |last=Quinn |first=Eamon |title=Ireland Learns to Adapt to a Population Growth Spurt |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 August 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416000143/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |url-status=live }}</ref> The population continued to fall until 1961; [[County Leitrim]] was the final Irish county to record a population increase post-famine, in 2006.

The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern [[Irish nationalism]], primarily among the Roman Catholic population. The pre-eminent Irish political figure after the Union was [[Daniel O'Connell]]. He was elected as Member of Parliament for [[Ennis (UK Parliament constituency)|Ennis]] in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat [[The Test Act|as a Roman Catholic]]. O'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish-born soldier and statesman, the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]. Steering the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829|Catholic Relief Bill]] through Parliament, aided by future prime minister [[Robert Peel]], Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law. [[George III|George's father]] had opposed the plan of the earlier Prime Minister, [[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt the Younger]], to introduce such a bill following the Union of 1801, fearing [[Catholic Emancipation]] to be in conflict with the [[Act of Settlement 1701]].

Daniel O'Connell led a subsequent campaign, for the repeal of the Act of Union, which failed. Later in the century, [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or "[[Irish Home Rule Bills|Home Rule]]". Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kee |first=Robert |title=The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |date=1972 |location=London |pages=376–400 |isbn=978-0-297-17987-0}}</ref> After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament, it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914. To prevent this from happening, the [[Ulster Volunteers]] were formed in 1913 under the leadership of [[Edward Carson]].<ref name="Kee 1972 478–530">{{cite book |last=Kee |first=Robert |title=The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |date=1972 |location=London |pages=478–530 |isbn=978-0-297-17987-0}}</ref>

Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the [[Irish Volunteers]], whose aim was to ensure that the [[Third Home Rule Act|Home Rule Bill]] was passed. The Act was passed but with the "temporary" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster, which later became Northern Ireland. Before it could be implemented, however, the Act was suspended for the duration of the [[First World War]]. The Irish Volunteers split into two groups. The majority, approximately 175,000 in number, under [[John Redmond]], took the name [[National Volunteers]] and supported [[Ireland and World War I|Irish involvement]] in the war. A minority, approximately 13,000, retained the Irish Volunteers' name and opposed Ireland's involvement in the war.<ref name="Kee 1972 478–530"/>

[[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|Sackville Street (now [[O'Connell Street]]), Dublin, after the 1916 [[Easter Rising]]]]
The [[Easter Rising]] of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia, the [[Irish Citizen Army]]. The British response, executing 15 leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people, turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels. Support for [[Physical force Irish republicanism|Irish republicanism increased]] further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the [[Conscription Crisis of 1918]].<ref name="autogenerated34">{{cite journal |last=Morough |first=Michael |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/anglo-irish-treaty-1921 |journal=History Review |date=December 2000 |issue=38 |pages=34–36 |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925152047/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/anglo-irish-treaty-1921 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The pro-independence republican party, [[Sinn Féin]], received overwhelming endorsement in the [[1918 Irish general election|general election of 1918]], and in 1919 proclaimed an [[Irish Republic]], setting up its own parliament ({{lang|ga|[[First Dáil|Dáil Éireann]]}}) and government. Simultaneously the Volunteers, which became known as the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA), launched a [[Irish War of Independence|three-year guerrilla war]], which ended in a truce in July 1921 (although violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland).<ref name="autogenerated34" />