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==Structure== The ISS functions as a modular space station, enabling the addition or removal of modules from its structure for increased adaptability. <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:ISS blueprint.png|Blueprint of ISS (as of 2018) File:Iss after installation of all roll out solar arrays.jpg|Rendering of ISS (as of 2023) </gallery> Below is a diagram of major station components. The ''Unity'' node joins directly to the ''Destiny'' laboratory; for clarity, they are shown apart. Similar cases are also seen in other parts of the structure. Key to box background colors: * {{color box|#CCDDFF}} Pressurised component, accessible by the crew without using spacesuits * {{color box|#B9E192}} [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|Docking/berthing port]], pressurized when a visiting spacecraft is present * {{color box|#DCC5ED}} [[Airlock]], to move people or material between pressurized and unpressurized environment * {{color box|#FFCCCC}} Unpressurised station superstructure * {{color box|#FFF4CC}} Unpressurised component * {{color box|#D2691E}} Temporarily defunct or non-commissioned component * {{color box|#808080}} Former, no longer installed component * {{color box|#FFFFFF}} Future, not yet installed component <div style="max-width: 100%; overflow-y: auto"> {{chart/start|align=center|style=width:auto !important; font-size:78%; line-height:100%; line-width:100%; padding:10px; border:2px dotted #AAA; }} <!--background:#eee; padding:0.5em;--><!--not made Axiom orbital segment or space station modules separate because the modules have not been constructed yet--> {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |PORT1 |PORT1 = [[SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}]] |boxstyle_PORT1 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!}} {{chart| | |MOAOLP| |RAD| | | |!|POISK|PORT1 |POISK = [[Poisk (ISS module)|''Poisk'']] |PORT1 = [[SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}]] |MOAOLP = [[Nauka (ISS module)#Installation of outfitting equipment|Means of<br />attachment of<br />{{nobr|large payloads}}]] |RAD = {{white|Heat radiator}} |boxstyle_PORT1 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; |boxstyle_POISK = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_MOAOLP = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_RAD = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#D2691E; }} {{chart|ERAWORK|C| | |:| | | | | |!|! |ERAWORK = [[Nauka (ISS module)#Installation of outfitting equipment|Portable workpost]] |boxstyle_ERAWORK = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart|ERA|C| | |:|SA|~|ZVEZDA|~|SA |SA = {{nobr|Solar array}} |ZVEZDA = [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'']] |ERA = [[European Robotic Arm]] |boxstyle_ERA = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_ZVEZDA = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_SA = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart| | | |L|~|7|:|,|-|-|-|'|!|!}} {{chart| |SA|~|NAKUA|~|SA|!|PIRS|PORT3 |NAKUA = [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] |SA = {{nobr|Solar array}} |PIRS = {{colored link|white|Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'' {{efn|''Pirs'' was connected to the nadir port of Zvezda now occupied by ''Nauka''.}}}} |PORT3 = {{colored link|white|SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}}} |boxstyle_PORT3 = border: 1px solid #696969; background:#808080; |boxstyle_PIRS = border: 2px solid #000000; background:#808080; |boxstyle_NAKUA = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_SA = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | |!}} {{chart| |PORT2| |NAKUAlock| | | | |! |NAKUAlock = [[Nauka (ISS module)#Installation of outfitting equipment|Experiment airlock]] |boxstyle_NAKUAlock = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#DCC5ED; |PORT2 = {{colored link|white|SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}}} |boxstyle_PORT2 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#D2691E; }} {{chart| | | |`|.| |!| | | | | |!}} {{chart|PORT2|-|PRICHAL|-|PORT2| |! |PRICHAL = [[Prichal (ISS module)|''Prichal'']] |boxstyle_PRICHAL = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |PORT2 = {{colored link|white|SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}}} |boxstyle_PORT2 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#D2691E; }} {{chart| | | | |!| |!| | | | | |!}} {{chart| | |PORT1| |PORT2| | | |! |PORT1 = [[SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}]] |PORT2 = {{colored link|white|SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}}} |boxstyle_PORT1 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; |boxstyle_PORT2 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#D2691E; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!}} {{chart| | | | | | | |SA|~|ZARYA|~|SA |ZARYA = [[Zarya (ISS module)|''Zarya'']] |SA = {{nobr|Solar array}}{{efn|partially retracted}} |boxstyle_ZARYA = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_SA = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!|!}} {{chart| | | | |PORT1|SGM1|-|'|!| |SGM1 = [[Rassvet (ISS module)|''Rassvet'']] |PORT1 = [[SSVP docking system|Russian<br />{{nobr|docking port}}]] |boxstyle_PORT1 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; |boxstyle_SGM1 = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }} {{chart|F|iROSA|F|iROSA| | | | |!| | | | |iROSAD|7|iROSA|7| |iROSA = [[Roll Out Solar Array|iROSA]] |iROSAD = [[Roll Out Solar Array|iROSA]] |boxstyle_iROSAD = border: 2px solid #000000; background:#ffffff; |boxstyle_iROSA = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart|:| | | |:| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |:| | | |:}} {{chart|D|FE|D|FE| |RAD|!|RAD| |FE|C|FE|C| | |RAD = [[External Active Thermal Control System|Heat radiator]] |FE = [[ISS Solar Arrays|{{nobr|Solar array}}]] |boxstyle_RAD = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_FE = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart|:| | | |:| | | | | |:| |!| |:| | | | | |:| | | |:| }} {{chart|:| | | |:|ELC| | |:|FZ1|:| | |ELC3|:| | | |:| |ELC = [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-2|ELC 2]], [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer|AMS]] |FZ1 = [[Z1 truss]] |ELC3 = [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-3|ELC 3]] |boxstyle_ELC3 = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_FZ1 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; |boxstyle_ELC = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart|D|~|FS56|FS34|FS1|FS0|FP1|FP34|FP56|~|C| |FS56 = [[P5 Truss Segment|S5/6 Truss]] |FS34 = [[Segment to segment attachment system|S3/S4 Truss]] |FS1 = [[S1 Truss]] |FS0 = [[S0 Truss]] |FP1 = [[S1 Truss|P1 Truss]] |FP34 = [[Segment to segment attachment system|P3/P4 Truss]] |FP56 = [[P5 Truss Segment|P5/6 Truss]] |boxstyle_FS56 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; |boxstyle_FS34 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; |boxstyle_FS1 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; |boxstyle_FS0 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; |boxstyle_FP1 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; |boxstyle_FP34 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; |boxstyle_FP56 = border: 2px solid #ff6666; background:#ffcccc; }} {{chart|:| | | |:|ELC4| | | |:|!|:| | | |ELC1|:| | | |:| |ELC4 = [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-4|ELC 4]], [[ESP-3|ESP 3]] |ELC1 = [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-1|ELC 1]] |boxstyle_ELC1 = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_ELC4 = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart|:| | | |:| | | | |DEXTR|!|CANADARM| | | | |:| | | |:| |CANADARM = [[Canadarm2]]<br />{{nobr|robotic arm}} |DEXTR = [[Dextre]]<br />{{nobr|robotic arm}} |boxstyle_CANADARM = border: 2px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_DEXTR = border: 2px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart|D|FE|D|FE| | | | |!| | | | |FE|C|FE|C| | | |FE = [[ISS Solar Arrays|{{nobr|Solar array}}]] |boxstyle_FE = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart|:| | | |:| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |:| | | |:}} {{chart|L|iROSAD|L|iROSA| | | | |!| | | | |iROSA|J|iROSA|J| |iROSA = [[Roll Out Solar Array|iROSA]] |iROSAD = [[Roll Out Solar Array|iROSA]] |boxstyle_iROSA = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_iROSAD = border: 2px solid #000000; background:#ffffff; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!}} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |PMA| |BEAM |BEAM = [[Bigelow Expandable Activity Module|BEAM]] |PMA = [[PMA-1|PMA 1]] |boxstyle_PMA = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_BEAM = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!}} {{chart| | | | |ESP2|QUEST|-|UNITY|-|NOD3|-|BISHOP |UNITY = [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'']] |QUEST = [[Quest Joint Airlock|''Quest'' airlock]] |NOD3 = [[Tranquility (ISS module)|''Tranquility'']] |BISHOP = [[Bishop Airlock Module|''Bishop'' airlock]] |ESP2 = [[External stowage platform#ESP-2|ESP-2]] |boxstyle_UNITY = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_QUEST = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#DCC5ED; |boxstyle_NOD3 = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_BISHOP = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#DCC5ED; |boxstyle_ESP2 = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!|!| | |CUPOLA |CUPOLA = ''[[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola]]'' |boxstyle_CUPOLA = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | |BERTH|!| | | |! |BERTH = [[Common Berthing Mechanism|Cargo spacecraft<br />{{nobr|berthing port}}]] |boxstyle_BERTH = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | |LEO |LEO = [[Leonardo (ISS module)|''Leonardo'']] |boxstyle_LEO = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | |ESP1|DESTINY| | | |DESTINY = [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'']] |ESP1 = [[External stowage platform#ESP-1|ESP-1]] |boxstyle_DESTINY = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_ESP1 = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |! }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!|PORT2 |PORT2 = {{nobr|[[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA]] / [[International Docking Adapter|IDA]]}}<br />{{nobr|docking port}} |boxstyle_PORT2 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!|!| | |KIBOPS|KiboRobo |KIBOPS = [[Kibo (ISS module)#Experiment logistics module|''Kibō''<br />cargo bay]] |KiboRobo = [[Japanese Remote Manipulator System|''Kibō''<br />{{nobr|robotic arm}}]] |boxstyle_KIBOPS = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_KiboRobo = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart| | | | |COLEXT|COLUMBUS|-|HARMONY|-|-|KIBO|KiboPlat |HARMONY = [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']] |KiboPlat = [[Kibo (ISS module)#Exposed facility|''Kibō''<br />{{nobr|external platform}}]] |COLUMBUS = [[Columbus (ISS module)|''Columbus'']] |KIBO = [[JEM-PM|''Kibō'']] |COLEXT = External payloads |boxstyle_HARMONY = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_COLUMBUS = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_COLEXT = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; |boxstyle_KIBO = border: 2px solid #6699ff; background:#ccddff; |boxstyle_KiboPlat = border: 1px solid #fee067; background:#fff4cc; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!|!}} {{chart| | | | | | | | | |BERTH|! |BERTH = [[Common Berthing Mechanism|Cargo spacecraft<br />{{nobr|berthing port}}]] |boxstyle_BERTH = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; }} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!}} {{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |PORT2| |PORT2 = {{nobr|[[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA]] / [[International Docking Adapter|IDA]]}}<br />{{nobr|docking port}} <!-- |AXIOM = [[Axiom Station|Axiom module]] --> |boxstyle_PORT2 = border: 1px solid #a3ff66; background:#b9e192; <!-- |boxstyle_AXIOM = border: 2px solid #000000; background:#ffffff; --> }} {{chart/end|nocat=1}} </div><!-- End of wrapping div which handles overflow --> === Pressurised modules === ==== ''Zarya'' ==== {{Main|Zarya (ISS module)}} [[File:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|thumb|''Zarya'' as seen by {{OV|105}} during [[STS-88]]]] ''Zarya'' ({{Langx|ru|Заря|lit=Sunrise}}{{efn|"Zarya" has several meanings: "daybreak" or "dawn" (in the morning) or "afterglow", "evening glow" or "sunset" (in the evening), but NASA and Roscosmos translate it as "sunrise."<ref>{{Cite web |last=bryan |date=25 January 2016 |title=Image showing Zarya mockup at the NASA Johnson Space Center with the translation Sunrise |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center_Johnson_Space_Center_JSC_NASA_Houston_Space_City_United_States_America_The_States_USA_US_(24560757054).jpg |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref>}}), also known as the ''Functional Cargo Block'' ({{Langx|ru|Функционально-грузовой блок|links=no}}), was the inaugural component of the ISS. Launched in 1998, it initially served as the ISS's power source, storage, propulsion, and guidance system. As the station has grown, ''Zarya'''s role has transitioned primarily to storage, both internally and in its external fuel tanks.<ref name="NASA2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/zarya-module/|title=Zarya Module|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=19 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118134120/https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/zarya-module/|archive-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> A descendant of the [[TKS (spacecraft)|TKS spacecraft]] used in the [[Salyut programme|''Salyut'' programme]], ''Zarya'' was built in Russia but is owned by the United States. Its name symbolizes the beginning of a new era of international space cooperation.<ref name="russianspaceweb-enterprise">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_enterprise.html|title=Russian Segment: Enterprise|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|date=15 October 2008|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811163146/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_enterprise.html|archive-date=11 August 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> ==== ''Unity'' ==== {{Main|Unity (ISS module)}} [[File:ISS Unity module.jpg|thumb|''Unity'' as seen by {{OV|105}} during [[STS-88]]]] ''Unity'', also known as ''Node 1'', is the inaugural U.S.-built component of the ISS.<ref name="nssdca-1998-069f">{{Cite web|title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-069F|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423215409/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-069F|archive-date=23 April 2023|access-date=6 May 2022|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]|id=1998-069F}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Loff|first=Sarah|date=15 November 2018|title=Unity|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/unity|access-date=6 May 2022|website=NASA|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605221424/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/unity/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Serving as the connection between the Russian and U.S. segments, this cylindrical module features six [[Common Berthing Mechanism]] locations ([[Forward (aircraft)|forward]], [[aft]], [[Port (nautical)|port]], [[starboard]], [[zenith]], and [[nadir]]) for attaching additional modules. Measuring {{convert|4.57|m}} in diameter and {{convert|5.47|m}} in length, ''Unity'' was constructed of steel by [[Boeing]] for NASA at the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]]. It was the first of three connecting nodes – ''Unity'', ''Harmony'', and ''Tranquility'' – that forms the structural backbone of the U.S. segment of the ISS.<ref name="nasa-roy-20091020">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/sailing_with_nasa/2009/10/20/post_1256076937193/|title=ET-134's Mission,STS-130: Launching Tranquility|last=Roy|first=Steve|date=20 October 2009|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=23 November 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322123432/https://blogs.nasa.gov/sailing_with_nasa/2009/10/20/post_1256076937193/|archive-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> ==== ''Zvezda'' ==== {{Main|Zvezda (ISS module)}} [[File:Zvezda (tight crop).jpg|thumb|''Zvezda'' as seen by {{OV|104}} during [[STS-106]]]] ''Zvezda'' ({{Langx|ru|Звезда|lit=star|links=no}}) launched in July 2000, is the core of the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] of the ISS. Initially providing essential living quarters and [[life support system]]s, it enabled the first continuous human presence aboard the station. While additional modules have expanded the ISS's capabilities, Zvezda remains the command and control center for the Russian segment and it is where crews gather during emergencies.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doN4t5NKW-k|title=Departing Space Station Commander Provides Tour of Orbital Laboratory|date=3 July 2015|last=Williams|first=Suni (presenter)|publisher=NASA|time=17.46–18.26|access-date=1 September 2019|medium=video|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814155134/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doN4t5NKW-k|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Roylance|first=Frank D.|date=11 November 2000|title=Space station astronauts take shelter from solar radiation|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-11-11-0011110386-story.html|access-date=1 September 2019|website=The Baltimore Sun|publisher=Tribune Publishing|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901060300/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-11-11-0011110386-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stofer|first=Kathryn|date=29 October 2013|title=Tuesday/Wednesday Solar Punch|url=https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/10.28Flare.html|access-date=1 September 2019|website=NASA|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202225119/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/10.28Flare.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A descendant of the Salyut programme's DOS spacecraft, Zvezda was built by [[RKK Energia]] and launched atop a [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton rocket]].<ref name="ruspace">{{cite web|title=Service Module {{!}} RuSpace|url=http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html|access-date=10 November 2020|website=suzymchale.com|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921234759/http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== ''Destiny'' ==== {{Main|Destiny (ISS module)}} [[File:ISS Destiny Lab.jpg|thumb|The ''Destiny'' module being installed on the ISS]] The ''Destiny'' laboratory is the primary research facility for U.S. experiments on the ISS. NASA's first permanent orbital research station since Skylab, the module was built by Boeing and launched aboard {{OV|104}} during [[STS-98]]. Attached to ''Unity'' over a period of five days in February 2001, ''Destiny'' has been a hub for scientific research ever since.<ref name="boeing">{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/us_laboratory.html|title=Destiny Laboratory Module|last=Boeing|year=2008|publisher=[[Boeing]]|access-date=7 October 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150013/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/us_laboratory.html|archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="lab">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html|title=U.S. Destiny Laboratory|year=2003|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=7 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html|archive-date=9 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="sts-98">{{cite web|year=2001|title=STS-98|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-98/mission-sts-98.html|access-date=7 October 2008|publisher=NASA|archive-date=30 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830041616/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-98/mission-sts-98.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within ''Destiny'', astronauts conduct experiments in fields such as medicine, engineering, biotechnology, physics, materials science, and Earth science. Researchers worldwide benefit from these studies. The module also houses life support systems, including the [[Oxygen Generating System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/07/oxygen-generating-system-activated-onboard-iss/|title=Oxygen Generating System activated onboard ISS|access-date=25 January 2010|author=Chris Bergin|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=12 July 2007}}</ref> ==== ''Quest Joint Airlock'' ==== {{Main|Quest Joint Airlock}} [[File:Quest airlock exterior - STS-127.jpg|thumb|''Quest'' Joint Airlock Module]] The ''Quest Joint Airlock'' enables [[Extravehicular activity|extravehicular activities]] (EVAs) using either the U.S. [[Extravehicular Mobility Unit]] (EMU) or the Russian [[Orlan space suit]].<ref name="nasa-questairlock">{{cite web|title=Quest Airlock|url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/quest-airlock/|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024152123/https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/quest-airlock/|archive-date=24 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Before its installation, conducting EVAs from the ISS was challenging due to a variety of system and design differences. Only the Orlan suit could be used from the Transfer Chamber on the ''Zvezda'' module (which was not a purpose-built airlock) and the EMU could only be used from the airlock on a visiting Space Shuttle, which could not accommodate the Orlan.<ref name="usaf-2010">{{cite tech report|last1=Stockman|first1=Bill|last2=Boyle|first2=Joe|last3=Bacon|first3=John|title=International Space Station Systems Engineering Case Study|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA538763.pdf|publisher=[[United States Air Force]]|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095002/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA538763.pdf|archive-date=24 November 2023|pages=36–38|year=2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Launched aboard {{OV|104}} during [[STS-104]] in July 2001 and attached to the Unity module, Quest is a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=mid|order=flip|-long}}, {{convert|13|ft|m|adj=mid|order=flip|-wide}} structure built by Boeing.<ref name="nasa-20210714">{{cite web|last1=Uri|first1=John|title=Space Station 20th: STS-104 Brings Quest Joint Airlock to the Space Station|url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-104-brings-quest-joint-airlock-to-the-space-station/|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124093812/https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-104-brings-quest-joint-airlock-to-the-space-station/|archive-date=24 November 2023|date=14 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> It houses the crew airlock for astronaut egress, an equipment airlock for suit storage, and has facilities to accommodate astronauts during their overnight pre-breathe procedures to prevent decompression sickness.<ref name="usaf-2010" /> The crew airlock, derived from the Space Shuttle, features essential equipment like lighting, handrails, and an Umbilical Interface Assembly (UIA) that provides life support and communication systems for up to two spacesuits simultaneously. These can be either two EMUs, two Orlan suits, or one of each design. ==== ''Poisk'' ==== {{Main|Poisk (ISS module)}} ''Poisk'' ({{Langx|ru|По́иск|lit=Search|links=no}}), also known as the ''Mini-Research Module 2'' ({{Langx|ru|Малый исследовательский модуль 2|links=no}}), serves as both a secondary airlock on the Russian segment of the ISS and supports docking for Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, facilitates propellant transfers from the latter.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 May 2006|title=Pirs Docking Compartment|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/pirs.html|access-date=28 March 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=25 October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025154605/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/pirs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Launched on 10 November 2009 attached to a modified [[Progress spacecraft]], called [[Progress M-MIM2]].<ref name="energia0828">{{Cite news|date=28 August 2009|title=August 28, 2009. S. P. Korolev RSC Energia, Korolev, Moscow region|url=http://www.energia.ru/eng/iss/mim1/photo_08-28.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921031747/https://www.energia.ru/eng/iss/mim1/photo_08-28.html|archive-date=21 September 2020|access-date=3 September 2009|publisher=RSC Energia}}</ref><ref name="sfn-20091110">{{Cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/station/exp21/091110mrmlaunch/|title=Poisk launches to add new room for space station|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=10 November 2009|access-date=11 November 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132113/https://spaceflightnow.com/station/exp21/091110mrmlaunch/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> ''Poisk'' provides facilities to maintain Orlan spacesuits and is equipped with two inward-opening hatches, a design change from ''Mir'', which encountered a dangerous situation caused by an outward-opening hatch that opened too quickly because of a small amount of air pressure remaining in the airlock.<ref name="russianspaceweb-mir-close-calls">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir_close_calls.html|title=Mir close calls|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|access-date=1 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811162132/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir_close_calls.html|archive-date=11 August 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> Since the departure of [[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'']] in 2021, it's become the sole airlock on the Russian segment. ==== ''Harmony'' ==== {{Main|Harmony (ISS module)}} [[File:Node 2 - STS-134.jpg|thumb|''Harmony'' (center) shown connected to ''Columbus'', ''Kibo'', and ''Destiny''. The dark [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA-2]] faces the camera. The nadir and zenith locations are open.]] ''Harmony'', or ''Node 2'', is the central connecting hub of the US segment of the ISS, linking the U.S., European, and Japanese laboratory modules. It's also been called the "utility hub" of the ISS as it provides essential power, data, and life support systems. The module also houses sleeping quarters for four crew members.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukws3oLMDc8|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ukws3oLMDc8|archive-date=11 December 2021|url-status=live|title=Station Tour: Harmony, Tranquility, Unity|date=19 May 2013|last=Williams|first=Suni (presenter)|publisher=NASA|time=0.06–0.35|access-date=31 August 2019|quote=So this is Node 2 ... this is where four out of six of us sleep.|medium=video}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Launched on 23 October 2007 aboard {{OV|103}} on [[STS-120]],<ref name="launch">{{cite web|last=NASA|date=23 October 2007|title=STS-120 MCC Status Report #01|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/news/STS-120-01.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=28 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028131000/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/news/STS-120-01.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lat">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-24-sci-shuttle24-story.html|title=Shuttle embarks on busy mission|last=Johnson, Jr.|first=John|date=24 October 2007|access-date=23 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812222654/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-24-sci-shuttle24-story.html|archive-date=12 August 2023|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Harmony was initially attached to the Unity<ref name="harmmate">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/120/STS-120_Archive.html|title=Harmony module pulled from cargo bay|last=Harwood|first=William|date=26 October 2007|access-date=26 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130622/http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/120/STS-120_Archive.html|archive-date=17 September 2021|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref name="room">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/science/26cnd-shuttle.html|url-access=subscription|title=New Room Added to Space Station|last=Schwartz|first=John|date=26 October 2007|access-date=26 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811162928/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/science/26cnd-shuttle.html|archive-date=11 August 2023|work=The New York Times}}</ref> before being relocated to its permanent position at the front of the Destiny laboratory on 14 November 2007.<ref name="pma3">{{cite web|last=NASA|year=2007|title=PMA-3 Relocation|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html|access-date=28 September 2007|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012235655/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This expansion added significant living space to the ISS, marking a key milestone in the construction of the U.S. segment. ==== ''Tranquility'' ==== {{Main|Tranquility (ISS module)}} [[File:Node 3 - Isolated view.jpg|thumb|''Tranquility'' in 2011]] ''Tranquility'', also known as ''Node 3'', is a module of the ISS. It contains environmental control systems, [[life support system]]s, a toilet, exercise equipment, and an observation [[Cupola (ISS module)|cupola]]. The European Space Agency and the [[Italian Space Agency]] had ''Tranquility'' manufactured by [[Thales Alenia Space]]. A ceremony on 20 November 2009 transferred ownership of the module to NASA.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 October 2010|title=NASA – NASA Receives Tranquility|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/tranquility_transfer.html|access-date=12 August 2013|publisher=Nasa.gov|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811174634/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/tranquility_transfer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 February 2010, NASA launched the module on the Space Shuttle's [[STS-130]] mission. ==== ''Columbus'' ==== {{Main|Columbus (ISS module)}} [[File:Columbus module - cropped.jpg|thumb|The ''Columbus'' module on the ISS]] ''Columbus'' is a science laboratory that is part of the ISS and is the largest single contribution to the station made by the European Space Agency. Like the ''Harmony'' and ''Tranquility'' modules, the ''Columbus'' laboratory was constructed in [[Turin]], Italy by [[Thales Alenia Space]]. The functional equipment and software of the lab was designed by [[EADS]] in [[Bremen]], Germany. It was also integrated in Bremen before being flown to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in an [[Airbus Beluga]] jet. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' on 7 February 2008, on flight [[STS-122]]. It is designed for ten years of operation. The module is controlled by the [[Columbus Control Centre]], located at the [[German Space Operations Center]], part of the [[German Aerospace Center]] in [[Oberpfaffenhofen]] near [[Munich]], Germany. The European Space Agency has spent [[Euro|€]]1.4 billion (about [[United States dollar|US$]]1.6 billion) on building ''Columbus'', including the experiments it carries and the ground control infrastructure necessary to operate them.<ref name="sfn-20080211">{{Cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts122/080211fd5/index3.html|title=Station arm pulls Columbus module from cargo bay|last=Harwood|first=William|date=11 February 2008|access-date=7 August 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507224754/http://spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts122/080211fd5/index3.html|archive-date=7 May 2016|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> ==== ''Kibō'' ==== {{Main|Kibō (ISS module)}} [[File:Japanese Experiment Module exterior - cropped.jpg|thumb|''Kibō'' with its exposed facility on the right]] {{Nihongo|''Kibō''|きぼう||{{lit|hope}}|lead=yes}}, also known as the ''Japanese Experiment Module'', is Japan's research facility on the ISS. It is the largest single module on the ISS, consisting of a pressurized lab, an exposed facility for conducting experiments in the space environment, two storage compartments, and a robotic arm. Attached to the ''Harmony'' module, ''Kibō'' was assembled in space over three Space Shuttle missions: [[STS-123]], [[STS-124]] and [[STS-127]].<ref name="japantimes-20090630">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/06/30/reference/japan-a-low-key-player-in-space-race/|url-access=subscription|title=Japan a low-key player in space race|last=Kamiya|first=Setsuko|date=30 June 2009|work=[[The Japan Times]]|page=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813092804/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/06/30/reference/japan-a-low-key-player-in-space-race/#.Ugn8K-t_pqY|archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> ==== ''Cupola'' ==== {{Main|Cupola (ISS module)}} [[File:STS130 cupola view1.jpg|thumb|The ''Cupola''{{'s}} windows with shutters open]] The ''Cupola'' is an [[ESA]]-built observatory module of the ISS. Its name derives from the Italian word ''{{lang|it|cupola}}'', which means "[[dome]]". Its seven windows are used to conduct experiments, dockings and observations of Earth. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-130 on 8 February 2010 and attached to the ''Tranquility'' (Node 3) module. With the ''Cupola'' attached, ISS assembly reached 85 per cent completion. The ''Cupola''{{'s}} central window has a diameter of {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Cupola: a window over the Earth">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thalesaleniaspace-issmodules.com/cupola|title=Thales Alenia Space and ISS modules – Cupola: a window over the Earth|date=26 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726075315/http://www.thalesaleniaspace-issmodules.com/cupola|archive-date=26 July 2010}}</ref> ==== ''Rassvet'' ==== {{Main|Rassvet (ISS module)}} [[File:STS132 Mini-Research Module-1.jpg|thumb|''Rassvet'' module with MLM-outfitting equipment (consisting of experiment airlock, RTOd radiators, and ERA workpost) at KSC]] ''Rassvet'' ({{Langx|ru|Рассвет|lit=first light|links=no}}), also known as the ''Mini-Research Module 1'' ({{Langx|ru|Малый исследовательский модуль 1|links=no}}) and formerly known as the ''Docking Cargo Module'' is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft on the Russian segment of the ISS. ''Rassvet'' replaced the cancelled Docking and Storage Module and used a design largely based on the ''[[Mir Docking Module]]'' built in 1995. Rassvet was delivered in on 14 May 2010 {{OV|104}} on [[STS-132]] in exchange for the Russian Proton delivery of the US-funded ''Zarya'' module in 1998.<ref name="nsf-20090409">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/04/sts-132-prcb-baselines-mission-to-deliver-russias-mrm-1/|title=STS-132: PRCB baselines Atlantis' mission to deliver Russia's MRM-1|last=Gebhardt|first=Chris|date=9 April 2009|access-date=12 November 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412103414/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/04/sts-132-prcb-baselines-mission-to-deliver-russias-mrm-1/|archive-date=12 April 2023|work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref> ''Rassvet'' was attached to ''Zarya'' shortly thereafter.<ref name="connect">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/news/STS-132-09.html|title=STS-132 MCC Status Report #09|date=18 May 2010|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=7 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408013431/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/news/STS-132-09.html|archive-date=8 April 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ==== ''Leonardo'' ==== {{Main|Leonardo (ISS module)}}The ''Leonardo'' Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) is a module of the International Space Station. It was flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle on [[STS-133]] on 24 February 2011 and installed on 1 March. ''Leonardo'' is primarily used for storage of spares, supplies and waste on the ISS, which was until then stored in many different places within the space station. It is also the personal hygiene area for the astronauts who live in the [[US Orbital Segment]]. The ''Leonardo'' PMM was a [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] (MPLM) before 2011, but was modified into its current configuration. It was formerly one of two MPLM used for bringing cargo to and from the ISS with the Space Shuttle. The module was named for Italian polymath [[Leonardo da Vinci]]. ==== Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ==== [[File:BEAM module expansion series.jpg|thumb|Progression of the expansion of BEAM]] The [[Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]] (BEAM) is an experimental [[Inflatable space habitat|expandable]] [[#Pressurised modules|space station module]] developed by [[Bigelow Aerospace]], under contract to NASA, for testing as a temporary module on the International Space Station (ISS) from 2016 to at least 2020. It arrived at the ISS on 10 April 2016,<ref name="space20160410">{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/32528-spacex-dragon-delivers-inflatable-room-space-station.html|title=SpaceX Dragon Arrives at Space Station, Delivers Inflatable Room Prototype|last=Pearlman|first=Robert|date=10 April 2016|access-date=11 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611082951/https://www.space.com/32528-spacex-dragon-delivers-inflatable-room-space-station.html|archive-date=11 June 2023|work=[[Space.com]]}}</ref> was berthed to the station on 16 April at Tranquility Node 3, and was expanded and pressurized on 28 May 2016. In December 2021, Bigelow Aerospace conveyed ownership of the module to NASA, as a result of Bigelow's cessation of activity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=21 January 2022|title=Bigelow Aerospace transfers BEAM space station module to NASA|url=https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-transfers-beam-space-station-module-to-nasa/|access-date=13 February 2024|website=SpaceNews}}</ref> ==== International Docking Adapters ==== The [[International Docking Adapter]] (IDA) is a [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft#Adapters|spacecraft docking system adapter]] developed to convert [[APAS-95]] to the [[NASA Docking System]] (NDS).<!-- Do not replace this with International Docking System Standard, which is a standard of docking systems, while NASA Docking System is a docking system compatible with the IDSS. --> An IDA is placed on each of the ISS's two open [[Pressurized Mating Adapters]] (PMAs), both of which are connected to the ''Harmony'' module. Two International Docking Adapters are currently installed aboard the Station. Originally, [[International Docking Adapter|IDA-1]] was planned to be installed on PMA-2, located at ''Harmony''<nowiki/>'s forward port, and [[International Docking Adapter#IDA-2|IDA-2]] would be installed on PMA-3 at ''Harmony''<nowiki/>'s zenith. After IDA 1 was destroyed in [[SpaceX CRS-7|a launch incident]], [[International Docking Adapter#IDA-2|IDA-2]] was installed on PMA-2 on 19 August 2016,<ref name="sfn-20160819">{{Cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/08/19/spacewalkers-attach-new-port-to-space-station-for-commercial-spacecraft/|title=Spacewalkers attach docking adapter to space station for commercial vehicles|last=Harwood|first=William|date=19 August 2016|access-date=24 January 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810145126/https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/08/19/spacewalkers-attach-new-port-to-space-station-for-commercial-spacecraft/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> while [[International Docking Adapter#IDA-3|IDA-3]] was later installed on PMA-3 on 21 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=21 August 2019|title=Spacewalkers Complete Installation of Second Commercial Docking Port|work=NASA Space Station|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2019/08/21/spacewalkers-complete-installation-of-second-commercial-docking-port/|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602183325/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2019/08/21/spacewalkers-complete-installation-of-second-commercial-docking-port/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Bishop Airlock Module ==== {{Main|Nanoracks Bishop Airlock}} [[File:ISS-64 NanoRacks Bishop airlock after installation.jpg|thumb|NanoRacks Bishop airlock module installed on the ISS]] The NanoRacks Bishop Airlock Module is a [[Commercial use of space|commercially]] funded [[airlock]] module launched to the ISS on [[SpaceX CRS-21]] on 6 December 2020.<ref name="thales-milestone">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-reaches-key-milestone-nanoracks-airlock-module|title=Thales Alenia Space reaches key milestone for NanoRacks' airlock module|date=20 March 2019|publisher=[[Thales Alenia Space]]|location=Turin, Italy|access-date=22 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810130710/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-reaches-key-milestone-nanoracks-airlock-module|archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="sfn-20190802">{{Cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/|title=SpaceX to begin flights under new cargo resupply contract next year|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=2 August 2019|access-date=22 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602175020/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/|archive-date=2 June 2023|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> The module was built by [[NanoRacks]], [[Thales Alenia Space]], and Boeing.<ref name="NanoRacks">{{Cite press release|url=https://nanoracks.com/nanoracks-boeing-first-commercial-airlock-module-on-iss/|title=NanoRacks, Boeing to Build First Commercial ISS Airlock Module|date=6 February 2017|publisher=[[NanoRacks]]|access-date=22 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811163145/https://nanoracks.com/nanoracks-boeing-first-commercial-airlock-module-on-iss/|archive-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> It will be used to deploy [[CubeSat]]s, [[small satellite]]s, and other external payloads for NASA, [[CASIS]], and other commercial and governmental customers.<ref name="NASA Announcement">{{cite web|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=6 February 2017|title=Progress Underway for First Commercial Airlock on Space Station|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/progress-underway-for-first-commercial-airlock-on-space-station|access-date=22 August 2019|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004837/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/progress-underway-for-first-commercial-airlock-on-space-station/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== ''Nauka'' ==== [[File:Russian Spacewalkers dwarfed by the Nauka and Prichal modules 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Nauka'' and ''Prichal'' docked to ISS]] {{Main|Nauka (ISS module)}} ''Nauka'' ({{Langx|ru|Наука|lit=Science|links=no}}), also known as the ''Multipurpose Laboratory Module, Upgrade'' ({{Langx|ru|Многоцелевой лабораторный модуль, усоверше́нствованный|links=no}}), is a Roscosmos-funded component of the ISS that was launched on 21 July 2021, 14:58 UTC. In the original ISS plans, ''Nauka'' was to use the location of the [[Rassvet (ISS module)#Initial planning|Docking and Stowage Module]] (DSM), but the DSM was later replaced by the ''Rassvet'' module and moved to ''Zarya''{{'}}s nadir port. ''Nauka'' was successfully docked to ''Zvezda''{{'}}s nadir port on 29 July 2021, 13:29 UTC, replacing the ''Pirs'' module. It had a temporary docking adapter on its nadir port for crewed and uncrewed missions until Prichal arrival, where just before its arrival it was removed by a departing Progress spacecraft.<ref name="russianspaceweb-ms17">{{Cite web|url=http://russianspaceweb.com/progress-ms-17.html#redocking|title=Progress MS-17 lifts off to prepare Prichal module arrival|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|date=9 February 2021|access-date=21 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811171304/https://russianspaceweb.com/progress-ms-17.html#redocking|archive-date=11 August 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> ==== ''Prichal'' ==== {{Main|Prichal (ISS module)}} ''Prichal'' ({{Langx|ru|Причал|lit=pier|links=no}}) is a {{convert|4|t|lb|adj=on}} spherical module that serves as a docking hub for the Russian segment of the ISS. Launched in November 2021, Prichal provides additional docking ports for Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, as well as potential future modules. ''Prichal'' features six docking ports: forward, aft, port, starboard, zenith, and nadir. One of these ports, equipped with an active hybrid docking system, enabled it to dock with the Nauka module. The remaining five ports are passive hybrids, allowing for docking of Soyuz, Progress, and heavier modules, as well as future spacecraft with modified docking systems. As of 2024, the forward, aft, port and starboard docking ports remain covered. ''Prichal'' was initially intended to be an element of the now canceled [[Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex]].<ref name="rsw-um">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_node.html#2020|title=Prichal Node Module, UM|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|date=22 June 2020|access-date=23 June 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120175425/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_node.html#2020|archive-date=20 November 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/25/new-docking-port-spacesuit-and-supplies-en-route-to-space-station/|title=New docking port, spacesuit and supplies en route to space station|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=25 July 2019|access-date=17 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810130845/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/25/new-docking-port-spacesuit-and-supplies-en-route-to-space-station/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref><ref name="energia-20110113">{{Cite press release|url=http://www.energia.ru/en/news/news-2011/news_01-13.html|title=News January 13, 2011|date=13 January 2011|publisher=[[Energia (corporation)|Energia]]|access-date=8 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702225123/http://www.energia.ru/en/news/news-2011/news_01-13.html|archive-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="NSF20200819">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/nauka-arrives-baikonur-final-preps/|title=Russia's Nauka ISS module arrives at Baikonur for final launch preparations|last=Atkinson|first=Ian|date=19 August 2020|access-date=20 August 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132018/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/nauka-arrives-baikonur-final-preps/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref> ===Unpressurised elements=== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 400 | image1 = Truss breakdown.png | caption1 = ISS Truss Components breakdown showing Trusses and all ORUs in situ | image2 = STS-116 spacewalk 1.jpg | caption2 = Construction of the [[Integrated Truss Structure]] over New Zealand }} The ISS has a large number of external components that do not require pressurisation. The largest of these is the [[Integrated Truss Structure]] (ITS), to which the station's main [[Photovoltaic system|solar arrays]] and [[External Active Thermal Control System|thermal radiators]] are mounted.<ref name="Arrays">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/truss_segment.html|title=Spread Your Wings, It's Time to Fly|date=26 July 2006|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=21 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111135544/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/truss_segment.html|archive-date=11 January 2023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The ITS consists of ten separate segments forming a structure {{convert|108.5|m}} long.<ref name="OnOrbit" /> The station was intended to have several smaller external components, such as six robotic arms, three [[External Stowage Platform]]s (ESPs) and four [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier]]s (ELCs).<ref name="Manifest">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html|title=Consolidated Launch Manifest|year=2008|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=8 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307191348/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html|archive-date=7 March 2009}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="nasa-factsheet-expressracks">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/expressrack.html|title=EXPRESS Racks 1 and 2 fact sheet|date=1 February 2001|id=FS-2001-02-34-MSFC|access-date=4 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829173441/http://www.nasa.gov:80/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/expressrack.html|archive-date=29 August 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> While these platforms allow experiments (including [[Materials International Space Station Experiment|MISSE]], the STP-H3 and the [[Robotic Refueling Mission]]) to be deployed and conducted in the vacuum of space by providing electricity and processing experimental data locally, their primary function is to store spare [[Orbital replacement unit|Orbital Replacement Unit]]s (ORUs). ORUs are parts that can be replaced when they fail or pass their design life, including pumps, storage tanks, antennas, and battery units. Such units are replaced either by astronauts during EVA or by robotic arms.<ref name="nsf-20111223">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/12/soyuz-tma-03m-docks-iss-returns-station-six-crewmembers-future-ops/|title=Soyuz TMA-03M docks to ISS, returns station to six crewmembers for future ops|date=23 December 2011|access-date=1 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811170248/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/12/soyuz-tma-03m-docks-iss-returns-station-six-crewmembers-future-ops/|archive-date=11 August 2023|work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref> Several shuttle missions were dedicated to the delivery of ORUs, including [[STS-129]],<ref name="EVA129">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/404493main_EVA_129_F_E1.pdf|title=EVA Checklist: STS-129 Flight Supplement|last=Welsch|first=L. D.|date=30 October 2009|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=9 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129141620/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/404493main_EVA_129_F_E1.pdf|archive-date=29 November 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> STS-133<ref name="sts-133-press-kit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/491387main-sts-133-press-kit.pdf|title=Space Shuttle Mission: STS-133 Press Kit|date=February 2011|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=9 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174024/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/491387main-sts-133-press-kit.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and STS-134.<ref name="sts-134-press-kit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/538352main_sts134_presskit_508.pdf|title=Space Shuttle Mission: STS-134|date=April 2011|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=9 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226120713/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/538352main_sts134_presskit_508.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> {{as of|2011|01}}, only one other mode of transportation of ORUs had been used{{snd}}the Japanese cargo vessel [[H-II Transfer Vehicle|HTV-2]]{{snd}}which delivered an FHRC and CTC-2 via its Exposed Pallet (EP).<ref name="HTV2">{{Cite web|url=https://iss.jaxa.jp/en/htv/mission/htv-2/library/presskit/htv2_presskit_en.pdf|title=HTV2: Mission Press Kit|date=20 January 2011|publisher=[[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811163142/https://iss.jaxa.jp/en/htv/mission/htv-2/library/presskit/htv2_presskit_en.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2013|1 |28}} There are also smaller exposure facilities mounted directly to laboratory modules; the ''Kibō'' [[Kibo (ISS module)|Exposed Facility]] serves as an external "[[porch]]" for the ''Kibō'' complex,<ref>{{cite web|date=29 August 2008|title=Exposed Facility:About Kibo|url=http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/kibo/jef/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803102352/http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/kibo/jef/|archive-date=3 August 2009|access-date=9 October 2009|publisher=JAXA}}</ref> and a facility on the European ''Columbus'' laboratory provides power and data connections for experiments such as the [[European Technology Exposure Facility]]<ref name="NASA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/EuTEF.html|title=NASA–European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF)|date=6 October 2008|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019013911/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/EuTEF.html|archive-date=19 October 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="ESA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Columbus/European_Technology_Exposure_Facility_EuTEF|title=European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF)|date=13 January 2009|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|access-date=28 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812214202/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Columbus/European_Technology_Exposure_Facility_EuTEF|archive-date=12 August 2023}}</ref> and the [[Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES)|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/HSF_Research/SEMJSK0YDUF_0.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609110757/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/HSF_Research/SEMJSK0YDUF_0.html|archive-date=9 June 2009|access-date=9 October 2009|publisher=ESA}}</ref> A [[remote sensing]] instrument, [[SAGE III on ISS|SAGE III-ISS]], was delivered to the station in February 2017 aboard [[SpaceX CRS-10|CRS-10]],<ref name="nsf20170310">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/03/spacex-dragon-experiments-busy-science-period/|title=SpaceX science – Dragon delivers experiments for busy science period|last=Gebhardt|first=Chris|date=10 March 2017|access-date=11 January 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132955/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/03/spacex-dragon-experiments-busy-science-period/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref> and the [[Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer|NICER]] experiment was delivered aboard [[SpaceX CRS-11|CRS-11]] in June 2017.<ref name="nsf20170603">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/06/spacex-falcon-9-crs-11-dragon-iss-100th-39a/|title=Falcon 9 launches with CRS-11 Dragon on 100th 39A launch|last=Graham|first=William|date=3 June 2017|access-date=11 January 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810145605/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/06/spacex-falcon-9-crs-11-dragon-iss-100th-39a/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref> The largest scientific payload externally mounted to the ISS is the [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]] (AMS), a particle physics experiment launched on STS-134 in May 2011, and mounted externally on the ITS. The AMS measures cosmic rays to look for evidence of dark matter and antimatter.<ref name="ams-cern">{{Cite web|url=http://ams.cern.ch/|title=The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Experiment|date=21 January 2009|publisher=[[CERN]]|access-date=6 March 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811162236/https://ams.cern.ch/|archive-date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="nsf20130404">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/04/endeavours-legacy-ams-02-proving-value/|title=Endeavour's ongoing legacy: AMS-02 proving its value|last=Bergin|first=Chris|date=4 April 2013|access-date=11 January 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810130623/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/04/endeavours-legacy-ams-02-proving-value/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref> The commercial ''[[Columbus – External Payload Facility#Bartolomeo|Bartolomeo]]'' External Payload Hosting Platform, manufactured by Airbus, was launched on 6 March 2020 aboard [[SpaceX CRS-20|CRS-20]] and attached to the European ''Columbus'' module. It will provide an additional 12 external payload slots, supplementing the eight on the [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier]]s, ten on ''Kibō'', and four on ''Columbus''. The system is designed to be robotically serviced and will require no astronaut intervention. It is named after Christopher Columbus's younger brother.<ref name="spacedaily-20180209">{{Cite news|url=https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/ESA_and_Airbus_sign_partnership_agreement_for_new_ISS_commercial_payload_platform_Bartolomeo_999.html|title=ESA and Airbus sign partnership agreement for new ISS commercial payload platform Bartolomeo|date=9 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811172013/https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/ESA_and_Airbus_sign_partnership_agreement_for_new_ISS_commercial_payload_platform_Bartolomeo_999.html|archive-date=11 August 2023|work=SpaceDaily}}</ref><ref name="aerospacetech-20180208">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aerospace-technology.com/news/airbus-esa-partner-bartolomeo-platform/|title=Airbus and ESA to partner on Bartolomeo platform|date=8 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810145538/https://www.aerospace-technology.com/news/airbus-esa-partner-bartolomeo-platform/|archive-date=10 August 2023|work=Aerospace Technology}}</ref><ref name="eoportal-iss-bartolomeo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-bartolomeo|title=ISS: Bartolomeo|date=26 October 2016|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|access-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812204548/https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-bartolomeo|archive-date=12 August 2023|website=eoPortal}}</ref> ====MLM outfittings==== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 400 | image1 = MRM1 Rassvet.png | caption1 = MLM outfittings on Rassvet | image2 = ISS-65 Nauka and Soyuz MS-18 docked to the International Space Station (1).jpg | caption2 = A wide-angle view of the new module (behind ''Rassvet'') attached to the [[Russian Orbital Segment|ROS]] as seen from the cupola}} In May 2010, equipment for ''Nauka'' was launched on STS-132 (as part of an agreement with NASA) and delivered by Space Shuttle ''Atlantis''. Weighing 1.4 metric tons, the equipment was attached to the outside of ''Rassvet'' (MRM-1). It included a spare elbow joint for the [[European Robotic Arm]] (ERA) (which was launched with ''Nauka'') and an ERA-portable workpost used during EVAs, as well as RTOd add-on heat radiator and internal hardware alongside the pressurized experiment airlock.<ref name="Roscosmos1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/31395/|title=Многоцелевой лабораторный модуль "Наука"|trans-title=Multipurpose Laboratory Module 'Nauka'|publisher=[[Roscosmos]]|language=ru|access-date=14 July 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714161136/https://www.roscosmos.ru/31395/|archive-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> The RTOd radiator adds additional cooling capability to ''Nauka'', which enables the module to host more scientific experiments.<ref name="Roscosmos1"/> The ERA was used to remove the RTOd radiator from ''Rassvet'' and transferred over to ''Nauka'' during VKD-56 spacewalk. Later it was activated and fully deployed on VKD-58 spacewalk.<ref name="garcia-20230512">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2023/05/12/cosmonauts-deploy-radiator-and-complete-spacewalk/|title=Cosmonauts Deploy Radiator and Complete Spacewalk|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=12 May 2023|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=12 May 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731062433/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2023/05/12/cosmonauts-deploy-radiator-and-complete-spacewalk/|archive-date=31 July 2023|website=NASA Blogs}}</ref> This process took several months. A portable work platform was also transferred over in August 2023 during VKD-60 spacewalk, which can attach to the end of the ERA to allow cosmonauts to "ride" on the end of the arm during spacewalks.<ref name="esa-arm-brochure">{{Cite web|url=https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/science/ERA_brochure_EN.pdf|title=European Robotic Arm Brochure|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|page=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810130647/https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/science/ERA_brochure_EN.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="sfn-20230809">{{Cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/08/09/live-coverage-russian-cosmonauts-make-spacewalk-at-international-space-station/|title=Russian cosmonauts make spacewalk at International Space Station|last=Harwood|first=William|date=9 August 2023|access-date=10 August 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812094606/https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/08/09/live-coverage-russian-cosmonauts-make-spacewalk-at-international-space-station/|archive-date=12 August 2023|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> However, even after several months of outfitting EVAs and RTOd heat radiator installation, six months later, the RTOd radiator malfunctioned before active use of Nauka (the purpose of RTOd installation is to radiate heat from Nauka experiments). The malfunction, a leak, rendered the RTOd radiator unusable for Nauka. This is the third ISS radiator leak after [[Soyuz MS-22]] and [[Progress MS-21]] radiator leaks. If a spare RTOd is not available, Nauka experiments will have to rely on Nauka's main launch radiator and the module could never be used to its full capacity.<ref name="sfn-20231009">{{Cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/10/09/leak-detected-onboard-russian-segment-of-international-space-station/|title=Russian space station laboratory module appears to spring coolant leak – Spaceflight Now|date=9 October 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232548/https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/10/09/leak-detected-onboard-russian-segment-of-international-space-station/|archive-date=14 October 2023|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Госкорпорация "Роскосмос"|url=https://t.me/roscosmos_gk/11130|access-date=10 October 2023|website=Telegram|language=ru|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111001124/https://t.me/roscosmos_gk/11130|url-status=live}}</ref> Another MLM outfitting is a 4 segment external payload interface called means of attachment of large payloads (Sredstva Krepleniya Krupnogabaritnykh Obyektov, SKKO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sredstva Krepleniya Krupnogabaritnykh Obyektov, SKKO|url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=pm;f=inbox;l=-1;done=sent|url-access=subscription|language=ru|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706041946/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=pm;f=inbox;l=-1;done=sent|url-status=live}}</ref> Delivered in two parts to Nauka by [[Progress MS-18]] (LCCS part) and [[Progress MS-21]] (SCCCS part) as part of the module activation outfitting process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Russian Nauka/Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) General Thread|url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=23444.msg2419522#msg2419522|access-date=15 October 2022|website=forum.nasaspaceflight.com|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015041008/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=23444.msg2419522#msg2419522|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Schedule of ISS flight events (part 2)|url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=32006.msg2391098#msg2391098|access-date=31 July 2022|website=forum.nasaspaceflight.com|archive-date=31 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731072946/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=32006.msg2391098#msg2391098|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Russian Nauka/Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) General Thread|url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=23444.msg2334840#msg2334840|access-date=25 March 2022|website=forum.nasaspaceflight.com|archive-date=4 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404014507/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=23444.msg2334840#msg2334840|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="russianspaceweb-fgb2-mlm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss-fgb2-mlm-integration.html|title=Russia to bump its ISS crew back to three|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|access-date=25 March 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811164158/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss-fgb2-mlm-integration.html|archive-date=11 August 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> It was taken outside and installed on the ERA aft facing base point on Nauka during the VKD-55 spacewalk.<ref name="garcia-20221116">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/11/16/cosmonauts-prep-for-thursday-spacewalk-dragon-targets-monday-launch/|title=Cosmonauts Prep for Thursday Spacewalk, Dragon Targets Monday Launch|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=16 November 2022|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=16 November 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132145/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/11/16/cosmonauts-prep-for-thursday-spacewalk-dragon-targets-monday-launch/|archive-date=10 August 2023|website=NASA Blogs}}</ref><ref name="lavelle-20221117">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/11/17/cosmonauts-begin-first-in-a-series-of-spacewalks-for-station-maintenance/|title=Cosmonauts Begin First in a Series of Spacewalks for Station Maintenance|last=Lavelle|first=Heidi|date=17 November 2022|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=17 November 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810130808/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/11/17/cosmonauts-begin-first-in-a-series-of-spacewalks-for-station-maintenance/|archive-date=10 August 2023|website=NASA Blogs}}</ref><ref name="garcia-20221117">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/11/17/cosmonauts-finish-spacewalk-for-work-on-science-module/|title=Cosmonauts Finish Spacewalk for Work on Science Module|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=17 November 2022|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=17 November 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329110535/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/11/17/cosmonauts-finish-spacewalk-for-work-on-science-module/|archive-date=29 March 2023|website=NASA Blogs}}</ref><ref name="spacecom-20221117">{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/iss-spacewalk-russian-radiator-move-prep|title=Russian cosmonauts complete station spacewalk to ready radiator for move|last=Pearlman|first=Robert Z.|date=17 November 2022|access-date=23 November 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124215252/https://www.space.com/iss-spacewalk-russian-radiator-move-prep|archive-date=24 November 2023|work=[[Space.com]]}}</ref> ====Robotic arms and cargo cranes==== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 400 | image1 = Iss017e011097.jpg | caption1 = Commander [[Sergey Volkov (cosmonaut)|Volkov]] stands on ''Pirs'' with his back to the [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]] whilst operating the manual<br />[[Strela (crane)|Strela crane]] (which is holding photographer [[Oleg Kononenko]]). | image2 = Dextrereallyhasnohead.jpg | caption2 = [[Dextre]], like many of the station's experiments and robotic arms, can be operated from Earth, allowing tasks to be performed while the crew sleeps. }} The Integrated Truss Structure (ITS) serves as a base for the station's primary remote manipulator system, the [[Mobile Servicing System]] (MSS), which is composed of three main components: * [[Canadarm2]], the largest robotic arm on the ISS, has a mass of {{convert|1800|kg|lb}} and is used to: dock and manipulate spacecraft and modules on the USOS; hold crew members and equipment in place during EVAs; and move Dextre to perform tasks.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 January 2013|title=Canadarm2 and the Mobile Servicing System|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/mss.html|access-date=22 June 2015|publisher=NASA|archive-date=23 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323030711/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/mss.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Dextre]] is a {{convert|1560|kg|lb|abbr=on}} robotic manipulator that has two arms and a rotating torso, with power tools, lights, and video for replacing [[orbital replacement unit]]s (ORUs) and performing other tasks requiring fine control.<ref name="csa-dextre">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/dextre/|title=Dextre, the International Space Station's Robotic Handyman|date=18 April 2011|publisher=[[Canadian Space Agency]]|access-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405001741/https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/dextre/|archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> * The [[Mobile Base System]] (MBS) is a platform that rides on rails along the length of the station's main truss, which serves as a mobile base for Canadarm2 and Dextre, allowing the robotic arms to reach all parts of the USOS.<ref name="csa-mbs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/mobile-base/|title=Mobile Base System|publisher=[[Canadian Space Agency]]|access-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123655/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/mobile-base/|archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> A [[Grapple Fixture|grapple fixture]] was added to ''Zarya'' on STS-134 to enable Canadarm2 to inchworm itself onto the ROS.<ref name="sts-134-press-kit" /> Also installed during STS-134 was the {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Orbiter Boom Sensor System]] (OBSS), which had been used to inspect heat shield tiles on Space Shuttle missions and which can be used on the station to increase the reach of the MSS.<ref name="sts-134-press-kit" /> Staff on Earth or the ISS can operate the MSS components using remote control, performing work outside the station without the need for space walks. Japan's [[Japanese Remote Manipulator System|Remote Manipulator System]], which services the ''Kibō'' Exposed Facility,<ref>{{cite web|date=29 August 2008|title=Remote Manipulator System: About Kibo|url=http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/kibo/rms/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320035809/http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/kibo/rms/|archive-date=20 March 2008|access-date=4 October 2009|publisher=JAXA}}</ref> was launched on [[STS-124]] and is attached to the ''Kibō'' Pressurised Module.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2002|title=International Space Station Status Report #02-03|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/station/2002/iss02-03.txt|access-date=4 October 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=11 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311105930/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/station/2002/iss02-03.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> The arm is similar to the Space Shuttle arm as it is permanently attached at one end and has a latching end effector for standard grapple fixtures at the other. The [[European Robotic Arm]], which will service the ROS, was launched alongside the [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] module.<ref name="tass-20200402">{{Cite news|url=https://tass.com/science/1139385|title=Russia postpones launch of Nauka research module to orbital outpost to 2021|date=2 April 2020|agency=[[TASS]]|access-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810143935/https://tass.com/science/1139385|archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The ROS does not require spacecraft or modules to be manipulated, as all spacecraft and modules dock automatically and may be discarded the same way. Crew use the two ''[[Strela (crane)|Strela]]'' ({{langx|ru|Стрела́||Arrow}}) cargo cranes during EVAs for moving crew and equipment around the ROS. Each Strela crane has a mass of {{cvt|45|kg}}. === Former module === {{Multiple image | total_width = 400 | direction = horizontal | image1 = Sts110-363-001.jpg | caption1 = The ''Pirs'' module attached to the ISS | image2 = ISS-65 Pirs docking compartment separates from the Space Station.jpg | caption2 = ISS-65 Pirs docking compartment separates from the International Space Station. }} ==== ''Pirs'' ==== {{main|2 = Pirs (ISS module)}} Pirs (Russian: Пирс, lit. 'Pier') was launched on 14 September 2001, as ISS Assembly Mission 4R, on a Russian Soyuz-U rocket, using a modified [[Progress spacecraft]], [[Progress M-SO1]], as an upper stage. Pirs was undocked by [[Progress MS-16]] on 26 July 2021, 10:56 UTC, and deorbited on the same day at 14:51 UTC to make room for the [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] module to be attached to the space station. Prior to its departure, Pirs served as the primary Russian airlock on the station, being used to store and refurbish the Russian Orlan spacesuits. ===Planned components=== ==== Axiom segment ==== {{main|Axiom Station}} [[File:Axiom modules connected to ISS.jpg|thumb|Early rendering of the [[Axiom Orbital Segment]], made prior to assembly plan changes]] In January 2020, NASA awarded [[Axiom Space]] a contract to build a commercial module for the ISS. The contract is under the [[Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships|NextSTEP2]] program. NASA negotiated with Axiom on a firm [[fixed-price contract]] basis to build and deliver the module, which will attach to the forward port of the space station's ''Harmony (Node 2)'' module. Although NASA only commissioned one module, Axiom planned to build an entire segment consisting of five modules, including a node module, an orbital research and manufacturing facility, a crew habitat, and a "large-windowed Earth observatory". The Axiom segment was expected to greatly increase the capabilities and value of the space station, allowing for larger crews and private spaceflight by other organisations. Axiom planned to convert the segment into a stand-alone space station once the ISS is decommissioned, with the intention that this would act as a successor to the ISS.<ref name="sfn-20200128">{{Cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/01/28/axiom-wins-nasa-approval-to-attach-commercial-habitat-to-space-station/|title=Axiom wins NASA approval to attach commercial habitat to space station|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=28 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121185755/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/01/28/axiom-wins-nasa-approval-to-attach-commercial-habitat-to-space-station/|archive-date=21 November 2023|work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref><ref name="techcrunch-20200127">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/27/nasa-taps-startup-axiom-space-for-the-first-habitable-commercial-module-for-the-space-station/|title=NASA taps startup Axiom Space for the first habitable commercial module for the Space Station|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|date=27 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128010232/https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/27/nasa-taps-startup-axiom-space-for-the-first-habitable-commercial-module-for-the-space-station/|archive-date=28 January 2020|work=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref><ref name="geekwire-20200127">{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/nasa-clears-axiom-space-put-commercial-habitat-space-station-boeings-help/|title=NASA clears Axiom Space to put commercial habitat on space station, with Boeing on the team|last=Boyle|first=Alan|date=27 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054511/https://www.geekwire.com/2020/nasa-clears-axiom-space-put-commercial-habitat-space-station-boeings-help/|archive-date=6 April 2023|work=GeekWire}}</ref> [[Canadarm2]] is planned to continue its operations on Axiom Station after the retirement of ISS in 2030.<ref name="axiom-assembly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station/assembly-sequence|title=Axiom Station Assembly Sequence – Axiom Space Axiom Space|publisher=[[Axiom Space]]|access-date=9 August 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810145840/https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station/assembly-sequence|archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> In December 2024, Axiom Space revised their station assembly plans to require only one module to dock with the ISS before assembling Axiom Station in an independent orbit.<ref name="sn-20241218" /> {{As of|December 2024}}, Axiom Space expects to launch one module, the Payload Power Thermal Module (PPTM), to the ISS no earlier than 2027.<ref name="sn-20241218">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/axiom-space-revises-space-station-assembly-plans/ |title=Axiom Space revises space station assembly plans |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=18 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref> PPTM is expected to remain at the ISS until the launch of Axiom's Habitat One (Hab-1) module about one year later, after which it will detach from the ISS to join with Hab-1.<ref name="sn-20241218" /> ==== US Deorbit Vehicle ==== The [[US Deorbit Vehicle]] (USDV) is a NASA-provided spacecraft intended to perform a controlled de-orbit and demise of the station after the end of its operational life in 2030. In June 2024, NASA awarded [[SpaceX]] a contract to build the Deorbit Vehicle.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-091523a-soyuz-ms-24-launch-space-station.html|title=Russia's Soyuz MS-24 launches crew for up to yearlong stay on space station|access-date=15 September 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006173029/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-091523a-soyuz-ms-24-launch-space-station.html|archive-date=6 October 2023|website=collectSPACE.com}}</ref> NASA plans to de-orbit ISS as soon as they have the "minimum capability" in orbit: "the USDV and at least one commercial station."<ref>{{cite news|title=NASA weighing options for continuous human presence in LEO after ISS|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-weighing-options-for-continuous-human-presence-in-leo-after-iss/|work=[[SpaceNews]]|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=16 October 2024|access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> ===Cancelled components=== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 400 | image1 = ISS Habitation module.jpg | caption1 = The cancelled Habitation module under construction at Michoud in 1997 | image2 = Nautilus-X demonstrator docked to the ISS (side).webp | caption2 = Rendering of the Nautilus-X Centrifuge Demonstrator docked to the ISS (side) }} Several modules developed or planned for the station were cancelled over the course of the ISS programme. Reasons include budgetary constraints, the modules becoming unnecessary, and station redesigns after the 2003 [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' disaster]]. The US [[Centrifuge Accommodations Module]] would have hosted science experiments in varying levels of [[artificial gravity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CAM – location?|url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=12560.msg265342|access-date=12 October 2009|website=NASA Spaceflight Forums|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011031151/http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=67c39f0a2f4c8510242de183bae73e6f&topic=12560.msg265342|url-status=live}}</ref> The US [[Habitation Module]] would have served as the station's living quarters. Instead, the living quarters are now spread throughout the station.<ref name="spacecom-20060214">{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/2050-nasa-recycles-iss-module-life-support-research.html|title=NASA Recycles Former ISS Module for Life Support Research|last=Malik|first=Tariq|date=14 February 2006|access-date=11 March 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812225629/https://www.space.com/2050-nasa-recycles-iss-module-life-support-research.html|archive-date=12 August 2023|work=[[Space.com]]}}</ref> The US [[Interim Control Module]] and [[ISS Propulsion Module]] would have replaced the functions of ''Zvezda'' in case of a launch failure.<ref name="navy-code8200-icm">{{Cite web|url=http://code8200.nrl.navy.mil/icm.html|title=ICM Interim Control Module|publisher=U.S. Naval Center for Space Technology|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208164211/http://code8200.nrl.navy.mil/icm.html|archive-date=8 February 2007}}</ref> Two [[Russian Research Module]]s were planned for scientific research.<ref name="boeing-russian-modules">{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/russian_laboratory.html|title=Russian Research Modules|publisher=[[Boeing]]|access-date=21 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208034625/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/russian_laboratory.html|archive-date=8 February 2010}}</ref> They would have docked to a Russian [[Universal Docking Module]].<ref name="russianspaceweb-iss-segment">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_russia.html|title=Russian segment of the ISS|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|access-date=3 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406134221/https://russianspaceweb.com/iss_russia.html|archive-date=6 April 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> The Russian [[Science Power Platform]] would have supplied power to the Russian Orbital Segment independent of the ITS solar arrays. ====Science Power Modules 1 and 2 (Repurposed Components)==== '''Science Power Module 1''' ('''SPM-1''', also known as '''NEM-1''') and '''Science Power Module 2''' ('''SPM-2''', also known as '''NEM-2''') are modules that were originally planned to arrive at the ISS no earlier than 2024, and dock to the ''Prichal'' module, which is docked to the ''Nauka'' module.<ref name="NSF20200819" /><ref name="rsw-2024">{{Cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/2024.html#nem|title=Russian space program in 2024|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|date=22 June 2020|access-date=23 June 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102064550/https://russianspaceweb.com/2024.html#nem|archive-date=2 November 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> In April 2021, Roscosmos announced that NEM-1 would be repurposed to function as the core module of the proposed [[Russian Orbital Service Station]] (ROSS), launching no earlier than 2027<ref name="tass-20230124">{{Cite news|date=24 January 2023|title=Russia to set up national orbital outpost in 2027 – Roscosmos|url=https://tass.com/science/1566383|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609221841/https://tass.com/science/1566383|archive-date=9 June 2023|access-date=31 January 2023|agency=[[TASS]]}}</ref> and docking to the free-flying ''Nauka'' module.<ref name="tass-20210719">{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/kosmos/11934057|title=Роскосмос примет решение о пути развития российской орбитальной станции до конца июля|trans-title=Roscosmos to decide development path of Russian orbital station by end of July|date=19 July 2021|agency=[[TASS]]|language=ru|access-date=20 July 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131618/https://tass.ru/kosmos/11934057|archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="russianspaceweb-ros">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/ros.html|title=Russian Orbital Service Station, ROSS|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|date=16 April 2021|access-date=26 April 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814171139/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/ros.html|archive-date=14 August 2023|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> NEM-2 may be converted into another core "base" module, which would be launched in 2028.<ref name="roscosmos-20210424">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/30863/|title=Научно-энергетический модуль запустят на "Ангаре" с Восточного|trans-title=The Science Power Module will be launched on an Angara from Vostochny|date=24 April 2021|publisher=[[Roscosmos]]|language=ru|access-date=26 April 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822035249/https://www.roscosmos.ru/30863/|archive-date=22 August 2022}}</ref> ====Xbase==== {{main|B330}} Designed by [[Bigelow Aerospace]]. In August 2016, Bigelow negotiated an agreement with NASA to develop a full-size ground prototype Deep Space Habitation based on the B330 under the second phase of Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships. The module was called the Expandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement (XBASE), as Bigelow hoped to test the module by attaching it to the International Space Station. However, in March 2020, Bigelow laid off all 88 of its employees, and {{As of|2024|02|lc=y}} the company remains dormant and is considered defunct,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-lays-off-entire-workforce/|title=Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce|publisher=[[SpaceNews]]|first=Jeff|last=Foust|date=23 March 2020|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200324011153/https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-lays-off-entire-workforce/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=4 August 2023|title=Trans-Atlantic joint venture aims to build new "international" space station|url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/08/trans-atlantic-joint-venture-aims-to-build-new-international-space-station/|access-date=15 February 2024|website=Ars Technica|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227023202/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/08/trans-atlantic-joint-venture-aims-to-build-new-international-space-station/|url-status=live}}</ref> making it appear unlikely that the XBASE module will ever be launched. ====Nautilus-X Centrifuge Demonstration==== {{main|Nautilus-X}} A proposal was put forward in 2011 for a first in-space demonstration of a sufficiently scaled centrifuge for artificial partial-g gravity effects. It was designed to become a sleep module for the ISS crew. The project was cancelled in favour of other projects due to budget constraints.<ref name="m966">{{cite web|last=Hollingham|first=Richard|title=The rise and fall of artificial gravity|publisher=BBC Home|date=18 November 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20130121-worth-the-weight|access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>
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