Editing Intermolecular force (section)

==Effect on the behavior of gases==

Intermolecular forces are repulsive at short distances and attractive at long distances (see the [[Lennard-Jones potential]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Johann |last2=Wendland |first2=Martin |date=October 2023 |title=On the history of key empirical intermolecular potentials |journal=Fluid Phase Equilibria |language=en |volume=573 |pages=113876 |doi=10.1016/j.fluid.2023.113876|bibcode=2023FlPEq.57313876F |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lenhard |first1=Johannes |last2=Stephan |first2=Simon |last3=Hasse |first3=Hans |date=June 2024 |title=On the History of the Lennard-Jones Potential |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.202400115 |journal=Annalen der Physik |language=en |volume=536 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/andp.202400115 |issn=0003-3804}}</ref> In a gas, the repulsive force chiefly has the effect of keeping two molecules from occupying the same volume. This gives a [[real gas]] a tendency to occupy a larger volume than an [[ideal gas]] at the same temperature and pressure. The attractive force draws molecules closer together and gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a smaller volume than an ideal gas. Which interaction is more important depends on temperature and pressure (see [[compressibility factor]]).

In a gas, the distances between molecules are generally large, so intermolecular forces have only a small effect. The attractive force is not overcome by the repulsive force, but by the [[thermal energy]] of the molecules. [[Thermodynamic temperature|Temperature]] is the measure of thermal energy, so increasing temperature reduces the influence of the attractive force. In contrast, the influence of the repulsive force is essentially unaffected by temperature.

When a gas is compressed to increase its density, the influence of the attractive force increases. If the gas is made sufficiently dense, the attractions can become large enough to overcome the tendency of thermal motion to cause the molecules to disperse. Then the gas can condense to form a solid or liquid, i.e., a condensed phase. Lower temperature favors the formation of a condensed phase. In a condensed phase, there is very nearly a balance between the attractive and repulsive forces.