Editing Improvisation (section)

==Science and technology==
===Engineering===
[[File:Photography by Victor Albert Grigas (1919-2017) 00100 6-12-61-nw AUG 60 (36845064174).jpg|thumb|right|200px|An improvised [[Surveying|surveyors level]] made from a [[camera tripod]], a [[torpedo level]] and a [[sniper scope]].]]
Improvisation in engineering is to solve a problem with the tools and materials immediately at hand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegram.com/news/20171001/firefighters-practice-improvising-to-help-accident-victims|title=Firefighters practice improvising to help accident victims|last=Barnes|first=George|work=telegram.com|access-date=26 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> Examples of such improvisation was the re-engineering of carbon dioxide scrubbers with the materials on hand during the [[Apollo 13]] space mission,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/04/apollo-13-the-mistakes-the-explosion-and-six-hours-of-live-saving-decisions/2/|title=45 years after Apollo 13: Ars looks at what went wrong and why|work=Ars Technica|access-date=26 October 2017|language=en-us}}</ref> or the use of a knife in place of a screwdriver to turn a screw.
[[File:ImprovisedDrumLondon.jpg|thumb|Improvised [[bass drum]] in [[Trafalgar Square]], London.]]
[[File:WestBankCowbell.jpg|thumb|An improvised [[cowbell]], used for sheep or goats. The bell was found in 1988 in a field near [[Tuqu']] (Tekoa) in the West Bank. The bell's body is made of aluminum, probably a broken kitchen utensil, while the clapper is a brass cartridge case (SMI 25 NATO, probably 7.62×51mm).]]
[[File:TelAvivRainShelter.jpg|thumb|Improvised hat cover of an Orthodox Jew on a rainy day in [[Tel Aviv]].]]
Engineering improvisations may be needed because of emergencies, [[embargo]], [[obsolescence]] of a product and the loss of manufacturer support, or just a lack of funding appropriate for a better solution. Users of motor vehicles in parts of Africa develop improvised solutions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130625-africas-diy-aircraft-builders|title=Africa's homemade aircraft builders|last=Kalan|first=Jonathan|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> where it is not feasible to obtain manufacturer-approved spare parts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/aug/09/africa-development-industrial-sector-kenya|title=Where are the African carmakers?|last=Rémy|first=Jean-Philippe|date=9 August 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=26 October 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The popular television program [[MacGyver (1985 TV series)|''MacGyver'']] used as its gimmick a hero who could solve almost any problem with [[jury rig]]ged devices from everyday materials, a Swiss Army knife and some [[duct tape]].

===Artificial intelligence===
{{main|Machine improvisation}}