Editing Iazyges (section)

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Crimea 2nd century BC map.png|thumb|Location of the Iazyges (J) before they moved westward{{sfn|Ethno-Political map of ancient Eurasia}}|alt=A colored political map of the Black Sea coast with locations shown with numerals and letters.]]

In the 3rd century BC the Iazyges lived in modern-day south-eastern Ukraine along the northern shores of the [[Sea of Azov]], which the Ancient Greeks and Romans called the [[Sea of Azov#Antiquity|Lake of Maeotis]]. From there, the Iazyges—or at least some of them—moved west along the shores of the Black Sea into modern-day [[Moldova]] and [[Budjak|south-western Ukraine]].{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=313}}{{sfn|Grumeza|2009|p=40}}{{sfn|Quigley|1983|p=509}} It is possible the entirety of the Iazyges did not move west and that some of them stayed along the Sea of Azov, which would explain the occasional occurrence of the surname ''{{lang|la|Metanastae}}''; the Iazyges that possibly remained along the Sea of Azov, however, are never mentioned again.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|Knight|1973|p=448}}

====Migration====
[[File:Roman provinces in a 1867 school atlas.jpg|thumb|Roman Balkans in the 1st century AD with the Jazyges Metanastæ between Roman Pannonia and Dacia{{sfn|Johnston|1867|p=28}}|alt=A colored political map of Balkans during the first century.]]
In the 2nd century{{nbsp}}BC, sometime before 179{{nbsp}}BC, the Iazyges began to migrate westward to the steppe near the [[Lower Dniester]]. This may have occurred because the [[Roxolani]], who were the Iazyges' eastern neighbors, were also migrating westward due to pressure from the [[Aorsi]], which put pressure on the Iazyges and forced them to migrate westward as well.{{sfn|Cook|Adcock|1965|p=93}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=284}}{{sfn|Bunson|1995|p=367}}

The views of modern scholars as to how and when the Iazyges entered the Pannonian plain are divided. The main source of division is over the issue of if the Romans approved, or even ordered, the Iazyges to migrate, with both sides being subdivided into groups debating the timing of such a migration. [[Andreas Alföldi]] states that the Iazyges could not have been present to the north-east and east of the Pannonian Danube unless they had Roman approval. This viewpoint is supported by [[János Harmatta]], who claims that the Iazyges were settled with both the approval and support of the Romans, so as to act as a [[buffer state]] against the Dacians. [[András Mócsy]] suggests that [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur]], who was Roman consul in 26{{nbsp}}BC, may have been responsible for the settlement of the Iazyges as a buffer between Pannonia and Dacia. However, Mócsy also suggests that the Iazyges may have arrived gradually, such that they initially were not noticed by the Romans. [[John Wilkes (archaeologist)|John Wilkes]] believes that the Iazyges reached the Pannonian plain either by the end of [[Augustus]]'s rule (14{{nbsp}}AD) or some time between 17 and 20{{nbsp}}AD. [[Constantin Daicoviciu]] suggests that the Iazyges entered the area around 20{{nbsp}}AD, after the Romans called upon them to be a buffer state. [[Coriolan Opreanu]] supports the theory of the Iazyges being invited, or ordered, to occupy the Pannonian plain, also around 20{{nbsp}}AD.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=104}} [[Gheorghe Bichir]] and [[Ion Horațiu Crișan]] support the theory that the Iazyges first began to enter the Pannonian plain in large numbers under Tiberius, around 20{{nbsp}}AD.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|pp=104–105}} The most prominent scholars that state the Iazyges were not brought in by the Romans, or later approved, are [[Doina Benea]], [[Mark Ščukin]], and [[Jenő Fitz]]. Doina Benea states that the Iazyges slowly infiltrated the Pannonian plain sometime in the first half of the 1st century{{nbsp}}AD, without Roman involvement. Jenő Fitz promotes the theory that the Iazyges arrived ''en masse'' around 50{{nbsp}}AD, although a gradual infiltration preceded it. Mark Ščukin states only that the Iazyges arrived by themselves sometime around 50{{nbsp}}AD. [[Andrea Vaday]] argued against the theory of a Roman approved or ordered migration, citing the lack of strategic reasoning, as the Dacians were not actively providing a threat to Rome during the 20–50{{nbsp}}AD period.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=105}}

The occupation of the lands between the Danube and Tisza by the Iazyges was mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|''Naturalis Historia'']] (77–79{{nbsp}}AD), in which he says that the Iazyges inhabited the basins and plains of the lands, while the forested and mountainous area largely retained a Dacian population, which was later pushed back to the Tisza by the Iazyges. Pliny's statements are corroborated by the earlier accounts of [[Seneca the Younger]] in his ''[[Naturales quaestiones|Quaestiones Naturales]]'' (61–64{{nbsp}}AD), where he uses the Iazyges to discuss the borders that separate the various peoples.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=104}}

From 78 to 76{{nbsp}}BC, the Romans led an expedition to an area north of the Danube—then the Iazyges' territory—because the Iazyges had allied with [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]], with whom the Romans were at war.{{sfn|Hildinger|2001|p=50}}{{sfn|Hinds|2009|p=71}} In 44{{nbsp}}BC King [[Burebista]] of Dacia died and his kingdom began to collapse. After this, the Iazyges began to take possession of the Pannonian Basin, the land between the Danube and [[Tisa River|Tisa]] rivers in modern-day south-central Hungary.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=21}} Historians have posited this was done at the behest of the Romans, who sought to form a [[buffer state]] between their provinces and the [[Dacians]] to protect the Roman province of [[Pannonia]].{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|p=42}}{{sfn|Daicoviciu|Condurachi|1971|p=100}}{{sfn|Goffart|2010|p=80}}{{sfn|Dzino|2010|p=168}}{{sfn|Williams|1997|p=64}}{{Sfn|Cook|Adcock|1965|p=85}} The Iazyges encountered the [[Basternae]] and [[Getae]] along their migration path sometime around 20{{nbsp}}AD and turned southward to follow the coast of the Black Sea until they settled in the [[Danube Delta]].{{sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=284}} This move is attested by the large discrepancy in the location reported by [[Tacitus]] relative to that which was earlier given by [[Ovid]].{{sfn|Williams|1994|p=6}} Archeological finds suggest that while the Iazyges took hold of the northern plain between the Danube and the Tisa by around 50{{nbsp}}AD, they did not take control of the land south of the [[Partiscum-Lugio line]] until the late 1st or early 2nd century.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=107}}

The effects of this migration have been observed in the ruins of burial sites left behind by the Iazyges; the standard grave goods made of gold being buried alongside a person were absent, as was the equipment of a warrior; this may have been because the Iazyges were no longer in contact with the Pontic Steppe and were cut off from all trade with them, which had previously been a vital part of their economy. Another problem with the Iazyges' new location was that it lacked both precious minerals and metals, such as iron, which could be turned into weapons. They found it was much more difficult to raid the Romans, who had organized armies around the area, as opposed to the disorganized armies of their previous neighbors. The cutting-off of trade with the Pontic Steppe meant they could no longer trade for gold for burial sites, assuming any of them could afford it. The only such goods they could find were the pottery and metals of the adjacent Dacian and Celtic peoples. Iron weapons would have been exceedingly rare, if the Iazyges even had them, and would likely have been passed down from father to son rather than buried because they could not have been replaced.{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=43–45}}

====Post-migration====
[[File:Dacia 125.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing Iazyges in 125 AD west of Roman Dacia]]
After the conquest of the Pannonian Basin, the Iazyges appear to have ruled over some measure of the remaining Germanic, Celtic, and Dacian populations, with the hilly areas north of modern-day Budapest retaining strong Germanic traditions, with a significant presence of Germanic burial traditions.{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=47}} Items of Celtic manufacturing appear up until the late 2nd century{{NBSP}}AD, in the northern area of the Carpathian Basin.{{sfn|Higham|2018|pp=47–48}}

During the time of [[Augustus]], the Iazyges sent an embassy to Rome to request friendly relations.{{sfn|Stover|2012|p=9}} In a modern context, these "friendly relations" would be similar to a [[non-aggression pact]].{{sfn|Sands|2016|p=13}} Around this time, some of the western parts of the land of the Iazyges were occupied, apparently without conflict, by the [[Quadi]], which scholar Nicholas Higham states "suggests long-term collaboration between [them]".{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=47}}

Later, during the reign of [[Tiberius]], the Iazyges became one of many new client-tribes of Rome. Roman client states were treated according to the Roman tradition of patronage, exchanging rewards for service.{{sfn|Luttwak|1981|p=21}}{{sfn|Salway|1982|p=208}} The client king was called ''socius et amicus Romani Populi'' (ally and friend of the Roman People); the exact obligations and rewards of this relationship, however, are vague.{{sfn|Elton|1996|p=12}} Even after being made into a client state, the Iazyges conducted raids across their border with Rome, for example in 6{{nbsp}}AD and again in 16{{nbsp}}AD. In 20{{nbsp}}AD the Iazyges moved westward along the [[Carpathians]] into the [[Pannonian Steppe]], and settled in the steppes between the Danube and the [[Tisza river]], taking absolute control of the territory from the Dacians.{{sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=284}} In 50{{nbsp}}AD, an Iazyges cavalry detachment assisted King [[Vannius]], a Roman client-king of the Quadi, in his fight against the [[Suevi]].{{sfn|Malcor|Littleton|2013|p=16}}{{sfn|Bârcă|Cociş|2013|p=104}}

In the [[Year of Four Emperors]], 69{{nbsp}}AD, the Iazyges gave their support to [[Vespasian]], who went on to become the sole emperor of Rome.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}} The Iazyges also offered to guard the Roman border with the Dacians to free up troops for Vespasian's invasion of Italy; Vespasian refused, however, fearing they would attempt a takeover or defect. Vespasian required the chiefs of the Iazyges to serve in his army so they could not organize an attack on the undefended area around the Danube.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2016|p=147}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2013|p=221}}{{sfn|Henderson|1927|p=158}}{{sfn|Master|2016|p=135}}{{sfn|Saddington|1982|pp=41 & 115}} Vespasian enjoyed support from the majority of the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] and Dacian tribes.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}}

Domitian's campaign against Dacia was mostly unsuccessful; the Romans, however, won a minor skirmish that allowed him to claim it as a victory, even though he paid the King of Dacia, [[Decebalus]], an annual tribute of eight million sesterces in tribute to end the war.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}}{{sfn|Jones|1993|p=150}} Domitian returned to Rome and received an [[ovation]], but not a full [[Roman triumph|triumph]]. Considering that Domitian had been given the title of [[Imperator]]—for military victories 22 times, this was markedly restrained, suggesting the populace—or at least the senate—was aware it had been a less-than-successful war, despite Domitian's claims otherwise.{{sfn|Grainger|2004|p=22}}{{efn|Some sources say that Domitian was offered a triumph, but refused.{{sfn|Murison|1999|p=254}}}} In 89{{nbsp}}AD, however, Domitian invaded the Iazyges along with the Quadi and Marcomanni. Few details of this war are known but it is recorded that the Romans were defeated,{{sfn|Mattingly|2010|p=94}} it is, however, known that Roman troops acted to repel simultaneous incursion by the Iazyges into Dacian lands.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=18}}

In early 92{{nbsp}}AD the Iazyges, Roxolani, Dacians, and [[Suebi]] invaded the Roman province of Pannonia—modern-day Croatia, northern Serbia, and western Hungary.{{sfn|Grainger|2004|p=22}}{{sfn|Henderson|1927|p=166}}{{sfn|Jones|1908|p=143}} Emperor Domitian called upon the [[Quadi]] and the [[Marcomanni]] to supply troops to the war. Both client-tribes refused to supply troops so Rome declared war upon them as well. In May 92{{nbsp}}AD, the Iazyges annihilated the Roman [[Legio XXI Rapax]] in battle.{{sfn|Grainger|2004|p=22}}{{sfn|Jones|1908|p=143}}{{sfn|Swan|2004|p=165}} Domitian, however, is said to have secured victory in this war by January of the next year.{{sfn|Ryberg|1967|p=30}} It is believed, based upon a rare Aureus coin showing an Iazyx with a Roman standard kneeling, with the caption of "''Signis a Sarmatis Resitvtis''", that the standard is taken from the annihilated Legio XXI Rapax was returned to Rome at the end of the war.{{sfn|Tsetskhladze|2001|p=424}} Although the accounts of the Roman-Iazyges wars of 89 and 92{{nbsp}}AD are both muddled, it has been shown they are separate wars and not a continuation of the same war.{{sfn|Habelt|1967|p=122}} The threat presented by the Iazyges and neighbouring people to the Roman provinces was significant enough that Emperor [[Trajan]] travelled across the Mid and Lower Danube in late 98 to early 99, where he inspected existing fortification and initiated the construction of more forts and roads.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=18}}

[[Tacitus]], a Roman Historian, records in his book ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', which was written in 98{{nbsp}}AD, that the [[Osi (ancient tribe)|Osi]] tribes paid tribute to both the Iazyges and the Quadi, although the exact date this relationship began is unknown.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1921|p=589}}

During the [[Flavian dynasty]], the princes of the Iazyges were trained in the Roman army, officially as an honor but in reality serving as a hostage, because the kings held absolute power over the Iazyges.{{sfn|Wellesley|2002|p=133}} There were offers from the princes of the Iazyges to supply troops but these were denied because of the fear they might revolt or desert in a war.{{sfn|Ash|Wellesley|2009|p=3–5}}

===Dacian wars===
{{main|Trajan's Dacian Wars}}

An alliance between the Iazyges and the Dacians led the Romans to focus more on the Danube than the Rhine.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=315}} This is shown by the placement of the Roman legions; during the time of Augustus's rule there were eight legions stationed along the Rhine, four stationed in [[Mainz]], and another four in [[Cologne]]. Within a hundred years of Augustus' rule, however, Roman military resources had become centered along the Danube rather than the Rhine,{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}} with nine legions stationed along the Danube and only one at the Rhine. By the time of Marcus Aurelius, however, twelve legions were stationed along the Danube.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=315}} The Romans also built a series of forts along the entire right bank of the Danube—from Germany to the Black Sea—and in the provinces of [[Rhaetia]], [[Noricum]], and Pannonia the legions constructed bridge-head forts. Later, this system was expanded to the lower Danube with the key castra of [[Poetovio]], [[Brigetio]], and [[Carnuntum]]. The [[Classis Pannonica]] and [[Classis Flavia Moesica]] were deployed to the right and lower Danube, respectively; they, however, had to overcome the mass of whirlpools and cataracts of the [[Iron Gates]].{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=315}}

====First Dacian War====
[[Trajan]], with the assistance of the Iazyges, led his legions{{efn|Presumably around nine of them, because during this period nine legions were permanently stationed around the Danube.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=315}}}} into Dacia against King Decebalus, in the year 101.{{sfn|Leslie|1999|p=168}}{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=94}} In order to cross the Danube with such a large army, [[Apollodorus of Damascus]], the Romans' chief architect, created a bridge through the Iron Gates by [[cantilevering]] it from the sheer face of the Iron Gates. From this he created a great bridge with sixty piers that spanned the Danube. Trajan used this to strike deep within Dacia, forcing the king, Decebalus, to surrender and become a client king.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=319}}

====Second Dacian War====
As soon as Trajan returned to Rome, however, Decebalus began to lead raids into Roman territory and also attacked the Iazyges, who were still a client-tribe of Rome.{{sfn|Bunson|2002|p=170}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2013|p=255}} Trajan concluded that he had made a mistake in allowing Decebalus to remain so powerful.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=319}} In 106{{nbsp}}AD, Trajan again invaded Dacia, with 11 legions, and, again with the assistance of the Iazyges{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=94}}{{sfn|Leslie|1999|p=168}}—who were the only barbarian tribe that aided the Romans in this war{{nbsp}}—{{efn|It was said by some Roman leaders, such as Quadratus, that it was crucial to the Romans that the Iazyges not join in on the Dacian side.{{sfn|Corson|2003|p=179}}}}{{Sfn|Pop|Bolovan|2006|p=98}} and the only barbarian tribe in the Danube region which did not ally with Dacia.{{Sfn|Pop|Bolovan|2006|p=98}} The Iazyges were the only tribe to aid Rome in both Dacian Wars,{{sfn|Leslie|1999|p=168}}{{sfn|Wilkes|1984|p=73}} pushed rapidly into Dacia. Decebalus chose to commit suicide rather than be captured, knowing that he would be paraded in a triumph before being executed. In 113{{nbsp}}AD Trajan annexed Dacia as a [[Roman Dacia|new Roman province]], the first Roman province to the east of the Danube. Trajan, however, did not incorporate the steppe between the Tisza river and the [[Southern Carpathians|Transylvanian mountains]] into the province of Dacia but left it for the Iazyges.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=95}} Back in Rome, Trajan was given a triumph lasting 123 days, with lavish [[gladiatorial games]] and [[Roman chariot races|chariot races]]. The wealth coming from the gold mines of Dacia funded these lavish public events and the construction of [[Trajan's Column]], which was designed and constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus; it was {{convert|100|feet|m}} tall and had 23 spiral bands filled with 2,500 figures, giving a full depiction of the Dacian war. Ancient sources say 500,000 slaves were taken in the war but moderns sources believe it was probably closer to 100,000 slaves.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=320}}

===After the Dacian Wars===
[[File:028 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel XXVIII.jpg|thumb|Roman cavalry (left) fighting Sarmatian cavalry (right){{efn|[[Conrad Cichorius|Cichorius]] identified them as Iazyges, but [[Sheppard Frere|Frere]] and [[Bradley Lepper|Lepper]] have identified them as Roxolani.{{sfn|Boardman|Palaggiá|1997|p=200}}{{sfn|Strong|2015|p=193}}}}{{sfn|Cichorius|1988|p=269}}|alt=A sculpted scene from Trajan's Column of Roman cavalry fighting Sarmatian cavalry.]]
[[File:Limes4-en.png|thumb|The {{lang|la|limes}} ([[Devil's Dykes]]) built between Roman territory and the tribes (contours around Iazyges' territory){{sfn|Eggers|Beck|Hoops|Müller|2004|p=505}}{{sfn|Kemkes|2000|p=51}}|alt=Map showing the Roman border along the Danube with towns, forts and roads. It stretches from Vindobona (modern Vienna) in the north through Aquincum (Budapest) in the centre to Colonia Singidunum (Belgrade) in the south. The later Roman walls of the Limes Sarmatiae are marked on the eastern side of the Danube in the territory of the Iazyges.]]

Ownership of the region of [[Oltenia]] became a source of dispute between the Iazyges and the Roman empire. The Iazyges had originally occupied the area before the Dacians seized it; it was taken during the Second Dacian War by Trajan, who was determined to constitute Dacia as a province.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=94}}{{sfn|Giurescu|Fischer-Galaţi|1998|p=39}}{{sfn|Mellor|2012|p=506}} The land offered a more direct connection between [[Moesia]] and the new Roman lands in Dacia, which may be the reason Trajan was determined to keep it.{{sfn|Lengyel|Radan|1980|p=94}} The dispute led to war in 107–108, where the future emperor [[Hadrian]], then governor of [[Pannonia Inferior]], defeated them.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=94}}{{sfn|Giurescu|Fischer-Galaţi|1998|p=39}}{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=19}} The exact terms of the peace treaty are not known, but it is believed the Romans kept Oltenia in exchange for some form of concession, likely involving a one-time tribute payment.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=94}} The Iazyges also took possession of Banat around this time, which may have been part of the treaty.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=101}}

In 117, the Iazyges and the Roxolani invaded Lower Pannonia and Lower Moesia, respectively. The war was probably brought on by difficulties in visiting and trading with each other because Dacia lay between them. The Dacian provincial governor [[Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus]] was killed in the invasion. The Roxolani surrendered first, so it is likely the Romans exiled and then replaced their client king with one of their choosing. The Iazyges then concluded peace with Rome.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=100}} The Iazyges and other Sarmatians invaded Roman Dacia in 123, likely for the same reason as the previous war; they were not allowed to visit and trade with each other. [[Marcius Turbo]] stationed 1,000 legionaries in the towns [[Potaissa]] and Porolissum, which the Romans probably used as the invasion point into [[Rivulus Dominarum]]. Marcius Turbo succeeded in defeating the Iazyges; the terms of the peace and the date, however, are not known.{{sfn|Grumeza|2009|p=200}}

===Marcomannic Wars===
{{see also|Marcomannic Wars}}
[[File:Marcomannia e Sarmatia 171-175 dC.jpg|thumb|The 174–175 Roman offensive onto Iazigi]]
In 169, the Iazyges, Quadi, [[Suebi]], and Marcomanni once again invaded Roman territory. The Iazyges led an invasion into Alburnum in an attempt to seize its gold mines.{{sfn|Kean|Frey|2005|p=97}} The exact motives for and directions of the Iazyges' war efforts are not known.{{sfn|Williams|1997|pp=173–174}} [[Marcus Claudius Fronto]], who was a general during the Parthian wars and then the governor of both Dacia and Upper Moesia, held them back for some time but was killed in battle in 170.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=187}} The Quadi surrendered in 172, the first tribe to do so; the known terms of the peace are that Marcus Aurelius installed a client-king [[Furtius]] on their throne and the Quadi were denied access to the Roman markets along the [[Roman Limes|limes]]. The Marcomanni accepted a similar peace but the name of their client-king is not known.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=189}}

In 173, the Quadi rebelled and overthrew Furtius and replaced him with [[Ariogaesus]], who wanted to enter into negotiations with Marcus. Marcus refused to negotiate because the success of the Marcomannic wars was in no danger.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=189}} At that point the Iazyges had not yet been defeated by Rome. having not acted, Marcus Aurelius appears to have been unconcerned, but when the Iazyges attacked across the frozen Danube in late 173 and early 174, Marcus redirected his attention to them. Trade restrictions on the Marcomanni were also partially lifted at that time; they were allowed to visit the Roman markets at certain times of certain days. In an attempt to force Marcus to negotiate, Ariogaesus began to support the Iazyges.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=190}} Marcus Aurelius put out a bounty on him, offering 1,000 [[aurei]] for his capture and delivery to Rome or 500 aurei for his severed head.{{sfn|Beckmann|2011|p=198}}{{efn| The most likely reason Marcus Aurelius offered more for him alive than dead is that he planned to parade him in a triumph, which was the standard Roman treatment of captured leaders.{{sfn|Beard|2009|p=121}}}} After this, the Romans captured Ariogaesus but rather than executing him, Marcus Aurelius sent him into exile.{{sfn|Bunson|2002|p=36}}

In the winter of 173, the Iazyges launched a raid across the frozen Danube but the Romans were ready for pursuit and followed them back to the Danube. Knowing the Roman legionaries were not trained to fight on ice, and that their own horses had been trained to do so without slipping, the Iazyges prepared an ambush, planning to attack and scatter the Romans as they tried to cross the frozen river. The Roman army, however, formed a solid square and dug into the ice with their shields so they would not slip. When the Iazyges could not break the Roman lines, the Romans counter-attacked, pulling the Iazyges off of their horses by grabbing their spears, clothing, and shields. Soon both armies were in disarray after slipping on the ice and the battle was reduced to many brawls between the two sides, which the Romans won. After this battle the Iazyges—and presumably the Sarmatians in general—were declared the primary enemy of Rome.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2016|p=164}}

The Iazyges surrendered to the Romans in March or early April of 175.{{sfn|Helmolt|1902|p=444}}{{sfn|Erdkamp|2007|p=1026}}{{sfn|Levick|2014|p=171}} Their prince [[Banadaspus]] had attempted peace in early 174 but the offer was refused and Banadaspus was deposed by the Iazyges and replaced with [[Zanticus]].{{efn|[[Cassius Dio]] claims it was Marcus Aurelius rather than the Iazyges who imprisoned Banadaspus.{{sfn|Watson|1884|p=211}}}}{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=190}} The terms of the peace treaty were harsh; the Iazyges were required to provide 8,000 men as auxiliaries and release 100,000 Romans they had taken hostage,{{Efn|This number is significant, as the Marcomanni, for whom the war is named after, took only 30,000 hostages. The disparity was enough that Cassius Dio said that the war should have been called the Iazygian War.{{sfn|Williams|1997|p=178}}}} and were forbidden from living within ten [[Roman miles]] (roughly {{Convert|9|miles|km}} of the Danube. Marcus had intended to impose even harsher terms; it is said by Cassius Dio that he wanted to entirely exterminate the Iazyges{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=360}} but was distracted by the rebellion of [[Avidius Cassius]].{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=190}} During this peace deal, Marcus Aurelius broke from the Roman custom of Emperors sending details of peace treaties to the Roman Senate; this is the only instance in which Marcus Aurelius is recorded to have broken this tradition.{{sfn|Sabin|Wees|Whitby|2007|p=7}} Of the 8,000 auxiliaries, 5,500 of them were sent to [[Britannia]]{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=368}} to serve with the [[Legio VI Victrix]],{{sfn|Snyder|2008|p=55}} suggesting that the situation there was serious; it is likely the British tribes, seeing the Romans being preoccupied with war in [[Germania]] and Dacia, had decided to rebel. All of the evidence suggests the Iazyges' horsemen were an impressive success.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=368}} The 5,500 troops sent to Britain were not allowed to return home, even after their 20-year term of service had ended.{{sfn|Piotrovsky|1976|p=151}} After Marcus Aurelius had beaten the Iazyges; he took the title of ''Sarmaticus'' in accordance with the [[Roman military decorations and punishments#Victory titles|Roman practice of victory titles]].{{sfn|Loetscher|Jackson|1977|p=175}}

[[Image:Iazyges-en.png|thumb|The land of the Iazyges in the 2nd–3rd century{{sfn|Sedov|2012|p=322}}|alt=A quad-colored map, showing the Iazyges in yellow, Roman pannonia in grey, Roman Dacia in green, and the land of the Cotini in peach.]]

===After the Marcomannic Wars===
In 177, the Iazyges, the [[Buri tribe|Buri]], and other Germanic tribes{{efn|The only Germanic tribe that is named is the Buri, but there were more.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}}}} invaded Roman territory again.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}} It is said that in 178, Marcus Aurelius took the bloody spear from the [[Temple of Bellona, Rome|Temple of Bellona]] and hurled it into the land of the Iazyges.{{sfn|Ulanowski|2016|p=362}} In 179, the Iazyges and the Buri were defeated, and the Iazyges accepted peace with Rome. The peace treaty placed additional restrictions on the Iazyges but also included some concessions. They could not settle on any of the islands of the Danube and could not keep boats on the Danube. They were, however, permitted to visit and trade with the Roxolani throughout the Dacian Province with the knowledge and approval of its governor, and they could trade in the Roman markets at certain times on certain days.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}}{{sfn|Găzdac|2010|p=51}} In 179, the Iazyges and the Buri joined Rome in their war against the Quadi and the Marcomanni after they secured assurances that Rome would prosecute the war to the end and not quickly make a peace deal.{{sfn|Regenberg|2006|p=191}}

As part of a treaty made in 183, [[Commodus]] forbade the Quadi and the Marcomanni from waging war against the Iazyges, the Buri, or the [[Vandals]], suggesting that at this time all three tribes were loyal client-tribes of Rome.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=423}}{{sfn|Merrills|Miles|2010|p=28}} In 214, however, [[Caracalla]] led an invasion into the Iazyges' territory.{{sfn|Sydenham|Sutherland|Carson|1936|p=84}} In 236, the Iazyges invaded Rome but were defeated by Emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]], who took the title Sarmaticus Maximus following his victory.{{sfn|Giurescu|Matei|1974|p=32}} The Iazyges, Marcomanni, and Quadi raided Pannonia together in 248,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2009|p=111}}{{Sfn|Marks|Beatty|1976|p=37}} and again in 254.{{sfn|Drăgan|1985|p=73}} It is suggested the reason for the large increase in the amount of Iazyx raids against Rome was that the Goths led successful raids, which emboldened the Iazyges and other tribes.{{sfn|Matyszak|2014|p=141}} In 260, the Goths took the cities of [[Tyras]] and [[Olbia (Pontic)|Olbia]], again cutting off the Iazyges' trade with the Pontic Steppe and the Black Sea.{{Sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=47–48}} From 282 to 283, Emperor [[Carus]] lead a successful campaign against the Iazyges.{{sfn|Drăgan|1985|p=73}}{{sfn|Tsetskhladze|2001|p=429}}

The Iazyges and [[Carpi (people)|Carpi]] raided Roman territory in 293, and [[Diocletian]] responded by declaring war.{{sfn|Neusner|1990|p=231}} From 294 to 295, Diocletian waged war upon them and won.{{sfn|Syme|1971|p=226}}{{sfn|Boak|1921|p=319}} As a result of the war, some of the Carpi were transported into Roman territory so they could be controlled.{{sfn|Duruy|1887|p=373}} From 296 to 298, [[Galerius]] successfully campaigned against the Iazyges.{{sfn|Tsetskhladze|2001|p=429}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2011|p=174}} In 358, the Iazyges were at war with Rome.{{sfn|Hornblower|2012|p=723}} In 375, Emperor [[Valentinian I|Valentinian]] had a stroke in [[Brigetio]] while meeting with envoys from the Iazyges.{{efn|Some sources say that the meeting was with the Quadi and not the Iazyges.{{sfn|Bury|2013|p=65}}}}{{sfn|Venning|Harris|2006|p=26}} Around the time of the Gothic migration, which led the Iazyges to be surrounded on their northern and eastern borders by Gothic tribes, and most intensely during the reign of [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]], a series of earthworks known as the [[Devil's Dykes]] (Ördögárok) was built around the Iazygian territory,{{sfn|Williams|1997|p=256}}{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=66}} possibly with a degree of Roman involvement. Higham suggests that the Iazyges became more heavily tied to the Romans during this period, with strong cultural influence.{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=66}}

===Late history and legacy===
[[File:Pannonia03 en.png|thumb|Iazyges in the 4th century at left bank of Danube ([[Gepids]], [[Hasdingi]]), neighboring [[Gotini]] are replaced with [[Suebic]] [[Quadi]]]]
In [[late antiquity]], historic accounts become much more diffuse and the Iazyges generally cease to be mentioned as a tribe.{{sfn|Constantinescu|Pascu|Diaconu|1975|p=65}}{{sfn|Zahariade|1998|p=82}} Beginning in the 4th century, most Roman authors cease to distinguish between the different Sarmatian tribes, and instead refer to all as Sarmatians.{{sfn|Ţentea|Opriș|Popescu|2009|p=129}} In the late 4th century, two Sarmatian peoples were mentioned—the [[Argaragantes]] and the [[Limigantes]], who lived on opposite sides of the [[Tisza]] river. One theory is that these two tribes were formed when the Roxolani conquered the Iazyges, after which the Iazyges became the Limigantes and the Roxolani became the Argaragantes.{{sfn|Constantinescu|Pascu|Diaconu|1975|p=65}}{{sfn|Zahariade|1998|p=82}} Another theory is that a group of [[Early Slavs|Slavic tribesmen]] who gradually migrated into the area were subservient to the Iazyges; the Iazyges became known as the Argaragantes and the Slavs were the Limigantes.{{sfn|Hoddinott|1963|p=78}} Yet another theory holds that the Roxolani were integrated into the Iazyges.{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=54–58}} Regardless of which is true, in the 5th century both tribes were conquered by the Goths{{sfn|Smith|1873|p=8}}{{sfn|Laurent|1830|pp=158–159}}{{sfn|Frere|Hartley|Wacher|1983|p=255}}{{sfn|Chadwick|2014|p=70}} and, by the time of [[Attila]], they were absorbed into the [[Huns]].{{sfn|Várdy|1991|p=18}}