Editing Hyperglycemia (section)

==Diagnosis==

===Monitoring===
It is critical for patients who [[blood glucose monitoring|monitor glucose levels]] at home to be aware of which units of measurement their [[glucose meter]] uses.

Glucose levels are measured in either:{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
# [[Millimoles]] per liter (mmol/L) is the [[SI]] standard unit used in most countries around the world.
# Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) is used in some countries such as the United States, Japan, France, Egypt, and Colombia.

Scientific journals are moving toward using mmol/L; some journals now use mmol/L as the primary unit but quote mg/dL in parentheses.<ref>{{cite web |title=diabetes FAQ: general (part 1 of 5)Section - What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? |website=faqs.org |url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part1/section-9.html |access-date=2007-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828161542/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part1/section-9.html |archive-date=2018-08-28}}</ref>

Glucose levels vary before and after meals, and at various times of day; the definition of "normal" varies among medical professionals. In general, the normal range for most people (fasting adults) is about 4 to 6&nbsp;mmol/L or 80 to 110&nbsp;mg/dL. (where 4&nbsp;mmol/L or 80&nbsp;mg/dL is "optimal".) A subject with a consistent range above 7&nbsp;mmol/L or 126&nbsp;mg/dL is generally held to have hyperglycemia, whereas a consistent range below 4&nbsp;mmol/L or 70&nbsp;mg/dL is considered [[hypoglycemic]]. In [[fasting#Fasting for Medical Reasons|fasting]] adults, blood plasma glucose should not exceed 7&nbsp;mmol/L or 126&nbsp;mg/dL. Sustained higher levels of [[blood sugar]] cause damage to the blood vessels and to the organs they supply, leading to the complications of diabetes.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Blood Sugar |author=Total Health Life |publisher=Total Health Institute |year=2005 |url=http://www.totalhealthlife.com/Conditions/high-blood-sugar.html |access-date=May 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817000715/http://www.totalhealthlife.com/Conditions/high-blood-sugar.html |archive-date=August 17, 2013}}</ref>

Chronic hyperglycemia can be measured via the [[HbA1c]] test. The definition of acute hyperglycemia varies by study, with mmol/L levels from 8 to 15 (mg/dL levels from 144 to 270).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Giugliano D, Marfella R, Coppola L, etal |title=Vascular effects of acute hyperglycemia in humans are reversed by L-arginine. Evidence for reduced availability of nitric oxide during hyperglycemia |journal=Circulation |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=1783–90 |year=1997 |pmid=9107164 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.95.7.1783}}</ref>

Defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, results in hyperglycemia.<ref name="ADA"/>

Chronic hyperglycemia can be measured by [[clinical urine tests]] which can detect sugar in the urine or microalbuminuria which could be a symptom of diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Florvall |first1=Gösta |last2=Basu |first2=Samar |last3=Helmersson |first3=Johanna |last4=Larsson |first4=Anders |date=2006 |title=Hemocue Urine Albumin Point-Of-Care Test Shows Strong Agreement With the Results Obtained With a Large Nephelometer |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=422–423 |pmid=16443900 |doi=10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1080 |doi-access=free |url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/2/422 |access-date=2019-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206042727/https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/2/422 |archive-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>
[[File:Aerobic exercise.jpg|thumb|Group aerobic exercises]]