Editing Hyksos (section)

===Kingdom===
{{main|Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt}}
{{Location map+|Northern Egypt|caption=Key Sites of the Second Intermediate Period, in Northern Egypt. West Semitic in red; Egyptian in blue.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}|relief=yes|width=300|places=
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label='''[[Avaris]]'''|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.787417 |lon_deg=31.821361|link=Avaris|label_size=80}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Tjaru]]|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.8572 |lon_deg=32.3506|link=Tjaru|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=Tell el‑Yahudiyeh|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.4925 |lon_deg=31.554444|link=Tell el-Yahudiyeh|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]]|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.129333 |lon_deg=31.307528|link=Heliopolis, Egypt|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Tell Basta]]|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.57165881|lon_deg=31.51312613|link=[[Bubastis]]|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=Tell Farasha|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.68|lon_deg=31.72|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Inshas]]|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.35|lon_deg=31.45|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=Tell el‑Maskhuta|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.551944 |lon_deg=32.098611|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=Tell er‑Retabeh|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.54828705 |lon_deg=31.96386495|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=Tell es‑Sahaba|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=30.53 |lon_deg=32.06|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Memphis (Egypt)|Memphis]]|position=left|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg=29.85057823 |lon_deg=31.25253784|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Lisht]]|position=left|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg=29.5700184|lon_deg=31.2290955|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Dahshur]]|position=right|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg=29.78039307|lon_deg=31.21742016|label_size=50}}
{{Location map~ |Northern Egypt|label=[[Beni Hasan]]|position=right|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg=27.933333|lon_deg=30.883333|label_size=50}}
}} 
The length of time the Hyksos ruled is unclear. The fragmentary [[Turin King List]] says that there were six Hyksos kings who collectively ruled 108 years,{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=186}} however in 2018 Kim Ryholt proposed a new reading of as many as 149 years, while Thomas Schneider proposed a length between 160 and 180 years.{{sfn|Aston|2018|pp=31–32}} The rule of the Hyksos overlaps with that of the native Egyptian pharaohs of the [[Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Sixteenth]] and [[Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt|Seventeenth]] Dynasties, better known as the [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]].

The area under direct control of the Hyksos was probably limited to the eastern [[Nile delta]].{{sfn|Ilin-Tomich|2016|p=7}} Their capital city was [[Avaris]] at a fork on the now-dry Pelusiac branch of the Nile. [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] may have also been an important administrative center,{{sfn|Bourriau|2000|p=183}} although the nature of any Hyksos presence there remains unclear.{{sfn|Ilin-Tomich|2016|p=7}}

According to Anna-Latifa Mourad, other sites with likely Levantine populations or strong Levantine connections in the Delta include Tell Farasha and Tell el-Maghud, located between Tell Basta and Avaris,{{sfn|Mourad|2015|pp=43–44}} El-Khata'na, southwest of Avaris, and [[Inshas]].{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=48}} The increased prosperity of Avaris may have attracted more Levantines to settle in the eastern Delta.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=130}} Kom el-Hisn, at the edge of the Western Delta, shows Near Eastern goods but individuals mostly buried in an Egyptian style, which Mourad takes to mean that they were most likely Egyptians heavily influenced by Levantine traditions or, more likely, Egyptianized Levantines.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=49–50}} The site of [[Tell Basta]] (Bubastis), at the confluence of the Pelusiac and Tanitic branches of the Nile, contains monuments to the Hyksos kings Khyan and Apepi, but little other evidence of Levantine habitation.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=21}} Tell el-Habwa ([[Tjaru]]), located on a branch of the Nile near the Sinai, also shows evidence of non-Egyptian presence. However, most of the population appears to have been Egyptian or Egyptianized Levantines.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|pp=44–48}} Tell El-Habwa would have provided Avaris with grain and trade goods.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|pp=129–130}}

[[File:Headband with Heads of Gazelles and a Stag Between Stars or Flowers ca. 1648–1540 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Near-eastern inspired diadem with heads of gazelles and a stag between stars or flowers, belonging to an elite lady discovered at a tomb at [[Tell el-Dab'a]] (Avaris) dating from the late Hyksos period (1648–1540 BC).{{sfn|O'Connor|2009|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Kopetzky|Bietak|2016|p=362}} Now at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyksos headband |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544073 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>]]
In the [[Wadi Tumilat]], [[Tell el-Maskhuta]] shows a great deal of Levantine pottery and an occupation history closely correlated to the Fifteenth Dynasty,{{sfn|Mourad|2015|pp=51–55}} nearby Tell el-Rataba and Tell el-Sahaba show possible Hyksos-style burials and occupation,{{sfn|Mourad|2015|pp=56–57}} Tell el-Yahudiyah, located between Memphis and the Wadi Tumilat, contains a large earthwork that the Hyksos may have built, as well as evidence of Levantine burials from as early as the Thirteenth Dynasty,{{sfn|Mourad|2015|pp=57–61}} as well as characteristic Hyksos-era pottery known as [[Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware]] The Hyksos settlements in the Wadi Tumilat would have provided access to Sinai, the southern Levant, and possibly the [[Red Sea]].{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=130}}

The sites Tell el-Kabir, Tell Yehud, Tell Fawziya, and Tell Geziret el-Faras are noted by scholars other than Mourad to contain "elements of 'Hyksos culture'", but there is no published archaeological material for them.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=19}}

The Hyksos claimed to be rulers of both [[Lower Egypt|Lower]] and [[Upper Egypt]]; however, their southern border was marked at [[Hermopolis]] and [[Cusae]].{{sfn|Bourriau|2000|p=182}} Some objects might suggest a Hyksos presence in Upper Egypt, but they may have been Theban war booty or attest simply to short-term raids, trade, or diplomatic contact.{{sfn|Popko|2013|p=3}} The nature of Hyksos control over the region of [[Thebes (Egypt)|Thebes]] remains unclear.{{sfn|Ilin-Tomich|2016|p=7}} Most likely Hyksos rule covered the area from [[Middle Egypt]] to southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].{{sfn|Popko|2013|p=2}} Older scholarship believed, due to the distribution of Hyksos goods with the names of Hyksos rulers in places such as [[Baghdad]] and [[Knossos]], that Hyksos had ruled a vast empire, but it seems more likely to have been the result of diplomatic gift exchange and far-flung trade networks.{{sfn|Morenz|Popko|2010|p=105}}{{sfn|Ilin-Tomich|2016|p=7}}