Editing Hussein of Jordan (section)

===Black September===
{{Main|Battle of Karameh|Black September|King Hussein's federation plan}}
[[File:Karama aftermath 1.jpg|thumb|left|Hussein after checking an abandoned Israeli tank in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Karameh]], 21 March 1968.]]
After Jordan lost control of the West Bank in 1967, [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] fighters known as "[[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]]", meaning self-sacrificers, moved their bases to Jordan and stepped up their attacks on Israel.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} One Israeli retaliation on a PLO camp based in [[Karameh]], a Jordanian town along the border with the West Bank, developed into a full-scale battle.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} It is believed that Israel had wanted to punish Jordan for its perceived support for the PLO.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3torytPXdUC&pg=PA405|page=407|title=Middle East Record 1968|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|author=Dishon|date=1 October 1973|isbn=978-0470216118|access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> After failing to capture [[Yasser Arafat]], the PLO leader, Israeli forces withdrew or were repulsed, but not before destroying the Karameh camp<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE3DD143BE73ABC4B51DFB5668383679EDE|access-date=26 October 2015|title=GUERRILLAS BACK AT JORDAN CAMP; Attack by Israelis Failed to Destroy Base at Karameh or Wipe Out Commandos|work=The New York Times|date=28 March 1968}}{{subscription required}}</ref> and sustaining relatively high casualties.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC|title=Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History|author1=Spencer C. Tucker |author2=Priscilla Roberts |publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=12 May 2005|pages=569–573|isbn=978-1851098422}}</ref> 

The perceived joint Jordanian-Palestinian victory in the 1968 [[Battle of Karameh]] led to an upsurge of support in the Arab World for Palestinian fighters in Jordan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvfrqsUyHYgC&pg=PT23|page=200|date=22 June 2011|author=Muki Betser|title=Secret Soldier|publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Inc.|isbn=978-0802195210|access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> The PLO in Jordan grew in strength, and by the beginning of 1970 the fedayeen groups started to openly call for the overthrow of the [[Hashemite]] monarchy.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} Acting as a [[state within a state]], the fedayeen disregarded local laws and regulations, and even attempted to assassinate King Hussein twice, leading to [[Black September|violent confrontations between them and the Jordanian army]].{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} Hussein wanted to oust the fedayeen from the country, but hesitated to strike because he did not want his enemies to use it against him by equating Palestinian fighters with civilians.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} PLO actions in Jordan culminated in the [[Dawson's Field hijackings]] incident on 10 September 1970, in which the fedayeen hijacked three civilian aircraft and forced their landing in Zarqa, taking foreign nationals as hostages, and later bombing the planes in front of the international press.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} Hussein saw this as the last straw, and ordered the army to move.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}}

On 17 September the Jordanian army surrounded cities that had a PLO presence, including Amman and [[Irbid]], and began shelling the fedayeen, who had established themselves in Palestinian refugee camps.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} The next day, a force from Syria with PLO markings started advancing towards Irbid, which the fedayeen declared a "liberated" city.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} On 22 September, the Syrians withdrew after the Jordanian army launched an air-ground offensive that inflicted heavy Syrian losses, and after Israeli Air Force jets flew over Syrian units in a symbolic show of support of Hussein, but did not engage.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} An agreement brokered by Egyptian president Nasser between Arafat and Hussein led to an end to the fighting on 27 September. Nasser died the following day of a heart attack.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} On 13 October Hussein signed an agreement with Arafat to regulate the fedayeen's presence,{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} but the Jordanian army attacked again in January 1971.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} The fedayeen were driven out of Jordanian cities one by one until 2,000 fedayeen surrendered after being encircled in a forest near Ajloun on 17 July, marking the end of the conflict.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}}[[File:Jordanian King meets advisors on events of Black September, 17 September 1970.png|thumb|right|Hussein in a meeting during [[Black September]] with Prime Minister [[Wasfi Tal]] (right) and Army Chief of Staff [[Habis Majali]] (left), 17 September 1970]]

Jordan allowed the fedayeen to leave for Lebanon through Syria, an event that led to the [[Lebanese Civil War]] in 1975.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} The [[Black September Organization]] was founded the same year, named after the conflict.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}} The organization claimed responsibility for the assassination of Jordanian prime minister [[Wasfi Tal]] in 1971, and the highly publicized 1972 [[Munich massacre]] against Israeli athletes.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=311–340}}

In a speech to the Jordanian parliament on 15 March 1972, Hussein announced his "[[King Hussein's federation plan|United Arab Kingdom]]" plan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=251–252}} Unlike the [[unitary state]] that had existed between the West Bank and Jordan during [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordan's annexation of the West Bank]] (1950–1967), this plan envisaged two [[Federation|federal]] entities on each bank of the Jordan River.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=251–252}} According to the proposal, the two districts of the federation would be autonomous, excluding the military and the foreign and security affairs that would be determined by an Amman central government.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=251–252}} But the implementation of the plan was to be conditional upon achieving a peace agreement between Israel and Jordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=251–252}} Ultimately, Hussein's proposal was ruled out after it was vehemently rejected by Israel, the PLO, and several Arab states.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=251–252}}