Editing Hookah (section)

===Middle East===
[[File:Hookah 2.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Egypt]]ian hookah (shisha).]]
[[File:View of Constantinople by Jean Pascal Sébah (1905).png|thumbnail|A café in [[Istanbul]], 1905]]

In the [[Arab world]] and the [[Middle East]], people smoke waterpipes as part of their culture and traditions. Local names of waterpipe in the Middle East are, argila, čelam/čelīm, ḡalyān or ghalyan, ḥoqqa, nafas, nargile, and shisha.<ref name="iranica"/>

Social smoking is done with a single or double [[Hose (tubing)|hose]] hookah, and sometimes even triple or quadruple hose hookahs are used at parties or small get-togethers. When the smoker is finished, they either place the hose back on the table, signifying that it is available, or hand it from one user to the next, folded back on itself so that the [[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|mouthpiece]] is not pointing at the recipient.

Most [[café]]s in the Middle East offer shishas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Frommer's Dubai|author=Shane Christensen|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=25 January 2011|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uee71cyblkwC&q=shisha+in+middle+east&pg=PA141|isbn=9781119994275|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uee71cyblkwC&q=shisha+in+middle+east&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref> Cafés are widespread and are among the chief social gathering places in the Arab world (akin to [[public house]]s in Britain).<ref>{{cite book|title=Coffee – Philosophy for Everyone: Grounds for Debate|author=Fritz Allhoff|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=23 February 2011|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0Lri7eoIoUC&q=coffee+houses+in+arab+world&pg=PA10|isbn=9781444393361|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132445/https://books.google.com/books?id=e0Lri7eoIoUC&q=coffee+houses+in+arab+world&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Gaza====
[[File:Hookah in a Palestinian shop (DSC03515).jpg|thumb|150px|Flower-ornamented hookah in a Palestinian shop]]
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking hookahs in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215815/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html |date=11 November 2020 }}, Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted later that year and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606032648/https://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html |date=6 June 2022 }} Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref>

====Iran====
[[File:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar with qalyan.jpg|thumb|[[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] smoking qalyan]]
[[File:Qalyoon.jpg|thumbnail|Persian woman with hookah (qalyan), 1900, Iran]]
The exact date of the first use of ḡalyān in [[Iran]] is not known. However, the earliest known literary evidence of the hookah, anywhere, comes in a quatrain by Ahlī Shirazi (d. 1535), a Persian poet, referring to the use of the ḡalyān,<ref>Falsafī, II, p.&nbsp;277; Semsār, 1963, p.&nbsp;15</ref> thus dating its use at least as early as the time of the Shah [[Tahmasp I|Ṭahmāsp I]]. This suggests, the hookah was already in use in ancient Persia, and it made its way into India soon afterward.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Although the [[Safavid]] [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah ʿAbbās I]] strongly condemned tobacco use, towards the end of his reign smoking ḡalyān and [[Chibouk|čopoq]] had become common on every level of the society, women included. In schools, both teachers and students had ḡalyāns while lessons continued.<ref>Falsafī, II, pp.&nbsp;278–80</ref> Shah [[Safi of Persia]] (r. 1629–42) declared a complete ban on tobacco, but the income received from its use persuaded him to soon revoke the ban.<ref>{{cite book|title=The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900|author=Rudolph P. Matthee|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0XfDMLndsC&q=safi+ban+of+tobacco&pg=PA139|isbn=978-0691118550|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132445/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0XfDMLndsC&q=safi+ban+of+tobacco&pg=PA139#v=snippet&q=safi%20ban%20of%20tobacco&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of ḡalyāns became so widespread that a group of poor people became professional tinkers of crystal water pipes. During the time of [[Abbas II of Persia]] (r. 1642–1666), use of the water pipe had become a national addiction.<ref>Chardin, tr., II, p.&nbsp;899</ref> The shah (king) had his own private ḡalyān servants. Evidently the position of water pipe tender (ḡalyāndār) dates from this time. Also at this time, reservoirs were made of glass, pottery, or a type of gourd. Because of the unsatisfactory quality of indigenous glass, glass reservoirs were sometimes imported from [[Venetian glass|Venice]].<ref>Chardin, tr., II, p.&nbsp;892</ref> In the time of [[Suleiman I of Persia]] (r. 1694–1722), ḡalyāns became more elaborately embellished as their use increased. The wealthy owned gold and silver pipes. The masses spent more on ḡalyāns than they did on the necessities of life.<ref>Tavernier apud Semsār, 1963, p.&nbsp;16</ref>

An emissary of [[Sultan Husayn]] (r. 1722–32) to the court of [[Louis XV]] of France, on his way to the royal audience at [[Versailles]], had in his retinue an officer holding his ḡalyān, which he used while his carriage was in motion.<ref>Herbette, tr. p.&nbsp;7; Kasrawī, pp.&nbsp;211–12; Semsār, 1963, pp.&nbsp;18–19</ref> We have no record indicating the use of ḡalyān at the court of [[Nader Shah]], although its use seems to have continued uninterrupted. There are portraits of [[Karim Khan]] of the [[Zand dynasty]] of Iran and [[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar]] that depict them smoking the ḡalyān.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- |title=Encyclopædia Iranica &#124; Articles |publisher=Iranica.com |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-date=27 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127064634/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Iran]]ians have a special tobacco called ''Khansar'' (خانسار, presumably name of the origin city, [[Khvansar]]). The charcoals would be put on the Khansar without foil.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The Iranian [[Shia]] [[marja']] [[Mirza Shirazi]] issued his historical [[fatwa]]: "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Beneficent. Today the use of both varieties of tobacco, in whatever fashion is reckoned war against the [[Imam of the Age]] – may God hasten his advent." The fatwa sparked a huge movement to the extent that even in the private quarters of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] (r. 1848–1896), hookahs were broken.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/98385-jumadi-al-awal-1st-marks-anniversary-of-mirza-shirazis-historic-fatwa-to-ban-tobacco-during-qajar-era/ | title=Jumadi al-Awal 1st marks anniversary of Mirza Shirazi's historic fatwa to ban tobacco during Qajar era | date=16 November 2023 }}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====
In 2014, [[Saudi Arabia]] was in the process of implementing general smoking bans in public places. This included shishas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia bans smoking in public places|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-bans-smoking-in-public-places|access-date=31 October 2014|work=The National (Abu Dhabi)|date=31 July 2012|archive-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031120439/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-bans-smoking-in-public-places|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia Bans Smoking in Most Public Places|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/30/saudi-arabia-smoking-ban_n_1718619.html|access-date=31 October 2014|work=Huffington Post|archive-date=2 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802224526/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/30/saudi-arabia-smoking-ban_n_1718619.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, hookah remains legal in the country, with some restaurants charging customers extra fees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=New Saudi rules on hookah leave businesses, consumers confused |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1569011/saudi-arabia |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Arab News|archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132456/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1569011/saudi-arabia |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Syria====
[[File:Syriancafe.jpg|thumb|[[Bedouin]] smoking a hookah, locally called ''nargileh'', in a [[coffeehouse]] in [[Deir ez-Zor]], on the [[Euphrates]], 1920s.]]

Although perceived to be an important cultural feature of Syria (see [[Smoking in Syria]]), narghile had declined in popularity during most of the twentieth century and was used mostly by older men. Similar to other Middle Eastern countries, its use increased dramatically during the 1990s, particularly among youth and young adults.<ref name=Rastram04>{{cite journal |last1=Rastram|first1=S|last2=Ward|first2=KD|last3=Eissenberg|first3=T|last4=Maziak|first4=W|title=Estimating the beginning of the waterpipe epidemic in Syria|journal=BMC Public Health|date=2004|volume=4|issue=32|pages=32|pmid=15294023|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-4-32|pmc=514554|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Ward06>{{cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=KD|last2=Hammal|first2=F|last3=Vander Weg|first3=MW|last4=Maziak|first4=W|last5=Eissenberg|first5=T|title=The tobacco epidemic in Syria|journal=Tobacco Control|date=2006|volume=15|issue=Supplement 1|pages=i24–9|pmid=16723671|doi=10.1136/tc.2005.014860|pmc=2563543}}</ref> As of 2004, prior to the [[Syrian civil war]], 17% of 18- to 29-year-olds, 10% of 30- to 45-year-olds, and 6% of 46- to 65-year-olds reported using narghile, and use was higher in men than women.<ref name=Ward06 /> More recent data is not available.

====Turkey and the Balkans====
''Nargile'' became part of Turkish and Balkan culture from the 17th century. Back then, it became prominent in society and was used as a status symbol. ''Nargile'' was such an important Turkish custom that it even sparked a diplomatic crisis between France and the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/10/world/inhale-the-pleasure-of-an-unhurried-ottoman-past.html |title=Inhale the Pleasure of an Unhurried Ottoman Past |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1997-06-10 |access-date=2013-09-03 |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer |archive-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513180658/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/10/world/inhale-the-pleasure-of-an-unhurried-ottoman-past.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Turkey is noted for its traditional pottery production where potters make earthenware objects, including ''nargile'' bowls.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crane|first=Howard|title=Traditional Pottery Making in the Sardis Region of Western Turkey|journal=Muqarnas|year=1988|volume=5|page=12}}</ref>