Editing History of Taiwan (section)

===End of Dutch rule===
[[File:The Portrait of Koxinga.jpg|thumb|Mid-17th century portrait of [[Koxinga]] (''Guoxingye'' or "Kok seng ia" in southern Fujianese), "Lord of the Imperial Surname"]]

[[Zheng Chenggong]], known in Dutch sources as Koxinga, was the son of famed priate Zheng Zilong and his Japanese wife [[Tagawa Matsu]]. He studied at the Imperial Academy in [[Nanjing]]. When [[Jiashen Incident|Beijing fell]] in 1644 to rebels, Chenggong and his followers declared their loyalty to the [[Ming dynasty]] and he was bestowed the title Guoxingye (Lord of the Imperial surname). Chenggong continued the resistance against the Qing from [[Xiamen]]. In 1650 he planned a major offensive from [[Guangdong]]. The Qing deployed a large army to the area and Chenggong decided to ferry his army along the coast but a storm hindered his movements. The Qing launched a surprise attack on Xiamen, forcing him to return to protect it. From 1656 to 1658 he planned to take Nanjing. Chenggong encircled Nanjing on 24 August 1659. Qing reinforcements arrived and broke Chenggong's army, forcing them to retreat to Xiamen. In 1660 the Qing embarked on a coastal evacuation policy to starve Chenggong of his source of livelihood.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}} Some of the rebels during the Guo Huaiyi rebellion had expected aid from Chenggong and some company officials believed that the rebellion had been incited by him.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}

In the spring of 1655 no silk junks arrived in Taiwan. Some company officials suspected that this was a plan by Chenggong to harm them. In 1655, the governor of Taiwan received a letter from Chenggong referring to the Chinese in Taiwan as his subjects. He commanded them to stop trading with the Spanish. Chenggong directly addressed the Chinese leaders in Taiwan rather than Dutch authorities, stating that he would withhold his junks from trading in Taiwan if the Dutch would not guarantee their safety. Chenggong had increased foreign trade by sending junks to various regions and Batavia was wary of this competition. Batavia sent a small fleet to Southeast Asian ports to intercept Chenggong's junks. One junk was captured but another junk managed to escape.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}
The Taiwanese trade slowed and for several months in late 1655 and early 1656 not a single Chinese vessel arrived in Tayouan. Even low-cost goods grew scarce and the value of aboriginal products fell. The system of selling Chinese merchants the right to trade in aboriginal villages fell apart. On 9 July 1656, a junk flying Chenggong's flag arrived at Fort Zeelandia. Chenggong wrote that he was angry with the Dutch but since Chinese people lived in Taiwan, he would allow them to trade on the Chinese coast for 100 days so long as only Taiwanese products were sold. Chinese merchants began leaving. Chenggong confiscated a Chinese junk from Tayouan trading pepper in Xiamen, causing Chinese merchants to abort their trade voyages. Chinese merchants refused to buy the company's foreign wares and even sold their own foreign wares, causing prices to collapse.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}

Chinese merchants in aboriginal villages ran out of goods to trade for aboriginal products. Chinese farmers also suffered due to the exodus of Chinese. By the end of 1656, Chinese farmers were asking for relief from debts and many could barely find food for themselves.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}

[[File:Die Festung Selandia auff Teowan.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]]]]
Chenggong retreated from his stronghold in Amoy ([[Xiamen]] city) and attacked the [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch colony]] in Taiwan in the hope of establishing a strategic base to marshal his troops to retake his base at Amoy. On 23 March 1661, Zheng's fleet set sail from [[Kinmen]] with a fleet carrying around 25,000 soldiers and sailors. The fleet arrived at Tayouan on 2 April. Zheng's forces routed 240 Dutch soldiers at Baxemboy Island in the Bay of Taiwan and landed at the bay of ''Luermen''.{{sfnp|Clodfelter|2017|p=63}}{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=544}} Three Dutch ships attacked the Chinese junks and destroyed several until their main warship exploded. The remaining ships were unable to keep Zheng from controlling the waters around Taiwan.{{sfn|Andrade|2011a|p=138}}{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023514403/page/n499/mode/2up 482]}}

On 4 April, Fort Provintia surrendered to Zheng's forces. Following a nine-month siege, Chenggong captured the Dutch fortress [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Zeelandia]] and established a base in Taiwan.{{sfnp|Clements|2004|pp=188–201}} The Dutch held out at Keelung until 1668 when they withdrew from Taiwan completely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blussé |first1=Leonard |title=Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse? A rejoinder to A.R.T. Kemasang |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=1 January 1989 |volume=145 |issue=2 |page=357 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003260|s2cid=57527820 }}</ref>{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=207}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hang |first1=Xing |title=Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1316453841 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154}}</ref>