Editing History of Scotland (section)

====Bishops' Wars====
{{Main|Bishops' Wars}}
[[File:Riot against Anglican prayer book 1637.jpg|thumb|right|The [[St Giles Cathedral|St. Giles]] riot initiated by [[Jenny Geddes]] sparked off the Bishops' Wars.]]
Although James had tried to get the Scottish Church to accept some of the High Church Anglicanism of his southern kingdom, he met with limited success. His son and successor, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], took matters further, introducing an English-style Prayer Book into the Scottish church in 1637. This resulted in anger and widespread rioting. (The story goes that it was initiated by a certain [[Jenny Geddes]] who threw a stool in [[St Giles Cathedral]].)<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|p=203}}.</ref> Representatives of various sections of Scottish society drew up the [[National Covenant]] in 1638, objecting to the King's liturgical innovations. In November of the same year matters were taken even further, when at a meeting of the General Assembly in Glasgow the Scottish bishops were formally expelled from the Church, which was then established on a full Presbyterian basis.<ref name="Mackieetal1991p205-6">{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=205–206}}.</ref> Charles gathered a military force; but as neither side wished to push the matter to a full military conflict, a temporary settlement was concluded at [[Berwick-upon-Tweed#English town|Pacification of Berwick]].<ref name="Mackieetal1991p205-6" /> Matters remained unresolved until 1640 when, in a renewal of hostilities, Charles's northern forces were defeated by the Scots at the [[Battle of Newburn]] to the west of Newcastle.<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=208–209}}.</ref> During the course of these Bishops' Wars Charles tried to raise an army of Irish Catholics, but was forced to back down after a storm of protest in Scotland and England. The backlash from this venture provoked a [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|rebellion in Ireland]] and Charles was forced to appeal to the English Parliament for funds. Parliament's demands for reform in England eventually resulted in the [[English Civil War]]. This series of civil wars that engulfed England, Ireland and Scotland in the 1640s and 1650s is known to modern historians as the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]].<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|p=209–210}}.</ref> The [[Covenanters]] meanwhile, were left governing Scotland, where they raised a large army of their own and tried to impose their religious settlement on [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalians]] and [[Roman Catholics]] in the north of the country. In England his religious policies caused similar resentment and he ruled without recourse to parliament from 1629.<ref>M. B. Young, ''Charles I'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), p. 73.</ref>