Editing History of Rwanda (section)

==Military rule==
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Rwandese Republic
| common_name            = Rwanda
| native_name            = République Rwandaise ([[French language|French]])
| image_flag             = Flag of Rwanda (1962–2001).svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg
| symbol_type            = Coat of arms
| national_motto         = Liberté, Coopération, Progrès<br />(Liberty, Cooperation, Progress)
| national_anthem        = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Rwacu]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{Langx|en|"Our Rwanda"}})<br />{{lower|0.2em|[[File:Rwandarwacu.ogg|center]]}}
| image_map              = Rwanda - Location Map (2011) - RWA - UNOCHA.svg
| capital                = [[Kigali]]
| demonym                = Rwandan
| government_type        = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[presidential republic]] under a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Allan T. |date=2020-11-30 |title=Words and power in conflict - Rwanda under M.R.N.D. Rule |url=https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/words-and-power-in-conflict-rwanda-under-mrnd-rule |journal=Peace and Conflict Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=2}}</ref> [[military dictatorship]]
| leader1                = [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]
| year_leader1           = 1973–1994
| title_leader           = [[List of presidents of Rwanda|President]]
| legislature            = [[National Development Council of Rwanda|National Development Council]] (1982-1994)
| area_km2               = 26,338
| event_start            = [[1973 Rwandan coup d'état|Established]]
| date_start             = 5 July
| year_start             = 1973
| event1                 = [[Rwandan Civil War]]
| date_event1            = 1990–1994
| event_end              = [[Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira|Disestablished]]
| date_end               = 6 April
| p1                     = History of Rwanda#Independence (1962){{!}} Kayibanda régime
| s1                     = History of Rwanda#Civil war and genocide {{!}} Sindikubwabo régime
| year_end               = 1994
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
| currency               = [[Rwandan franc]]
| today                  = [[Rwanda]]
}}

On July 5, 1973, Defence Minister Maj. Gen. [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] overthrew Kayibanda. He suspended the constitution, dissolved the [[National Assembly of Rwanda]] and imposed a strict ban on all political activity.

Initially, Habyarimana abolished the quota system, winning him favour among Tutsi.<ref name="akayesu">{{Cite court | litigants=The Prosecutor versus Jean-Paul Akayesu | opinion=ICTR-96-4-T | court=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda | date=1998 | url=http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CAkayesu%5Cjudgement%5Cakay001.pdf}}</ref> However, this didn't last. In 1974, a public outcry developed over Tutsi over-representation in professional fields such as [[medicine]] and [[education]]. Thousands of Tutsi were forced to resign from such positions, and many were forced into exile. In associated violence, several hundred Tutsi were killed. Gradually, Habyarimana reimposed many of his predecessor's policies favouring Hutu over Tutsi.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

In 1975, President Habyarimana formed the [[National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development|National Revolutionary Movement for Development]] (MRND) whose goals were to promote peace, unity, and national development. The movement was organized from the "hillside" to the national level and included elected and appointed officials.

Under MRND aegis, a new constitution making the country a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[one-party state]] under the MRND was approved in a [[1978 Rwandan constitutional referendum|referendum]] in December 1978. These were shortly followed by [[1978 Rwandan presidential election|presidential elections]] a few weeks later. Habyarimana, as president of the MRND, was the only candidate on the ballot. He was re-elected in [[Rwandan presidential election, 1983|1983]] and again in [[Rwandan presidential election, 1988|1988]], each time as sole candidate. However, in a minor concession to democracy, voters were given a choice of two MRND candidates in elections to the [[National Development Council of Rwanda]]. Responding to public pressure for political reform, President Habyarimana announced in July 1990 his intention to transform Rwanda's one-party state into a multi-party democracy.<ref>https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/92171/GS19.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>