Editing History of Monaco (section)

==20th century==
[[File:Affiche PLM Exposition Monaco.jpg|thumb|Poster for 1920 exposition]]
The Prince of Monaco was an [[absolute monarchy|absolute]] ruler until the [[Monegasque Revolution]] of 1910 forced him to proclaim a constitution in 1911.

In July 1918, a treaty was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, written into the [[Treaty of Versailles]], established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. One of the motivations for the treaty was the upcoming [[Monaco Succession Crisis of 1918]].
[[File:Achille Varzi at the 1931 Monaco Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|left|A scene from the 1931 Grand Prix, in the 20th century racing would become a popular event.]]
{{Main article|Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II}}

While Prince [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]]'s sympathies were strongly pro-French, he tried to keep Monaco neutral during [[World War II]] but supported the [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] government of his old army colleague, Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]].

Nonetheless, his tiny principality was tormented by domestic conflict partly as a result of Louis's indecisiveness, and also because the majority of the population was of Italian descent; many of them supported the [[Fascism|fascist]] regime of Italy's [[Benito Mussolini]].

On 11 November 1942, the [[Italian Army]] [[The invasion and Occupation of Monaco during World War II|invaded and occupied]] Monaco.<ref name="en.gouv.mc">{{cite web |url=https://en.gouv.mc/Government-Institutions/History-and-Heritage/Periods/Crisis-and-renewal-20-sup-th-sup-century/Occupation-by-Italy-then-Germany |title=Occupation by Italy then Germany |publisher=Government of Monaco |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> 
Soon after in September 1943, following Mussolini's fall in Italy, the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] occupied Monaco and began the [[The Holocaust|deportation of the Jewish population]].
[[File:Pursuit to the West Wall 1944.jpg|thumb|[[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] in 1944.]]
Among them was [[René Blum (ballet)|René Blum]], the French Jew who founded the Ballet de l'Opera in Monte Carlo, was arrested in his [[Paris]] home and held in the [[Drancy internment camp|Drancy]] deportation camp outside the French capital before being transported to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], where he was later killed.<ref>Abramovici P. ''[https://www.amazon.com/rocher-bien-occupé-pendant-1939-1945/dp/2020372118 Un rocher bien occupé : Monaco pendant la guerre 1939–1945]'' Editions Seuil, Paris 2001, {{ISBN|2-02-037211-8}}</ref> Blum's colleague [[Raoul Gunsbourg]], the director of the [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo]], helped by the [[French Resistance]], escaped arrest and fled to [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tmeheust.free.fr/monacohistoire2.html |title=Monaco histoire |publisher=Tmeheust.free.fr |access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> In August 1944, the Germans executed [[René Borghini]], [[Joseph-Henri Lajoux]] and [[Esther Poggio]], who were Resistance leaders.
Under Prince Louis's secret orders, the Monaco police, often at great risk to themselves, warned in advance those people whom the [[Gestapo]] planned to arrest.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}  The country was liberated on 3 September 1944 by Allied forces.<ref>[https://actualnewsmagazine.com/english/in-saint-cezaire-sur-siagne-the-inhabitants-relive-the-arrival-of-the-allies/ In Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne, the inhabitants relive the arrival of the allies], August 24, 20244</ref>

[[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier III]] ascended to the throne following the death of his grandfather, Prince [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]], in 1949.<ref>"Obituary: Prince Rainier III of Monaco.", ''[[The Times]]'', London, 7 April 2005, pg. 58</ref>

The revised [[Constitution of Monaco]], proclaimed in 1962, abolished capital punishment, provided for female suffrage, established a [[Supreme Court of Monaco|Supreme Court]] to guarantee fundamental liberties and made it difficult for a French national to transfer his or her residence there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monaco's Constitution of 1962 with Amendments through 2002 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Monaco_2002.pdf?lang=en |website=constituteproject.org |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

In 1993, Monaco became a member of the [[United Nations]] with full voting rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Admission of the Principality of Monaco to membership in the United Nations. |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/171186?ln=en |website=digitallibrary.un.org | date=16 July 1993 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>