Editing History of Kazakhstan (section)

=={{anchor|In the Soviet Union (1920–1991)}}Soviet Union (1920–1991)==
{{Main|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic}}

The [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)|Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic]], established in 1920, was renamed the [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic]] in 1925 when the [[Kazakhs]] were officially distinguished from the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] by the Soviet government. Although the Russian Empire recognized the ethnic difference between the groups, it called them both "Kirghiz" to avoid confusion between the terms "Kazakhs" and Cossacks (both names originating from the Turkic "free man").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olcott |first=Martha Brill |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32547109 |title=The Kazakhs |date=1995 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8179-9351-7 |edition=2nd |location=p. 4. |oclc=32547109}}</ref><ref>Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (1995). ''Histoire des Cosaques'' [''History of the Cossacks''] (in French). Lyon, FR: Terre Noire. p. 38.</ref>

In 1925 the republic's original capital, Orenburg, was reincorporated into Russian territory and [[Kyzylorda]] became the capital until 1929. Almaty (known as Alma-Ata during the Soviet period), a provincial city in the far southeast, became the new capital in 1929. In 1936, the territory was officially separated from the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR) and made a Soviet republic: the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]. With an area of {{convert|2717300|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, the Kazakh SSR was the second-largest republic in the [[Soviet Union]].

=== Two famines ===
{{Main|Kazakh famine of 1919–1922|Kazakh famine of 1930–1933}}
[[Kazakh famine of 1919–1922|First Kazakh famine]] started in 1919 during the Russian Civil War. Amount of livestock in Kazakhstan decreased from 30 million to 16 million, which left almost million people starving due to the civil war. Apart from a famine, Kazakhstan suffered from stopping of all factories.

From 1929 to 1934, when [[Joseph Stalin]] was trying to [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivize agriculture]], Kazakhstan endured repeated famine called [[Asharshylyk]] similar to the [[Holodomor]]<ref>[http://rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/c58914de-953d-4dec-ab7c-16d7d9fb9a00.html Kazakhstan: The Forgotten Famine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229160731/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/C58914DE-953D-4DEC-AB7C-16D7D9FB9A00.html |date=29 December 2007 }}, ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'', 28 December 2007</ref> in [[Ukraine]]; in both republics and the Russian SFSR,<ref>Robert Conquest, ''[[The Harvest of Sorrow]]: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine,'' Oxford University Press US, 1987 p.196.</ref> peasants slaughtered their livestock in protest against Soviet agricultural policy.<ref>[[Robert Conquest]], ''The harvest of sorrow'', p.193</ref> During that period, over one million residents<ref>Timothy Snyder, 'Holocaust:The Ignored Reality,’ in [[New York Review of Books]] 16 July 2009 pp.14–16, p.15</ref> and 80 percent of the republic's livestock died. Thousands more tried to escape to China, although most starved in the attempt. According to [[Robert Conquest]], "The application of party theory to the Kazakhs, and to a lesser extent to the other nomad peoples, amounted economically to the imposition by force of an untried stereotype on a functioning social order, with disastrous results. And in human terms it meant death and suffering proportionally even greater than in the Ukraine".<ref>[[Robert Conquest|Conquest, Robert]], ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''; Chapter 9 p.198, ''Central Asia and the Kazakh Tragedy'' (Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press in Association with the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies & London: Century Hutchison, 1986) {{ISBN|0-09-163750-3}}</ref>

=== Repressions ===
During the  1930s, the Soviet government built [[Gulag]]s across the Union. There were 11 concentration camps built in Kazakhstan, the most well known being [[ALZhIR]].

[[File:Alikhan Bukeikhanov in 1937.jpg|thumb|Photograph of [[Alikhan Bukeikhanov]] taken in 1937]]

[[NKVD]] Order 00486 of 15 August 1937 marked the beginning of mass repression against ''[[Family members of traitors to the Motherland|ChSIR: members of the families of traitors to the Motherland]]'' ({{langx |ru| ЧСИР: члены семьи изменника Родины}}). The order gave the right to arrest without evidence of guilt, and sent women political-prisoners to the camps for the first time. In a few months, female "traitors" were arrested and sentenced to from five to eight years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://alzhir.kz/ru/2014-03-17-08-12-58/2014-03-17-08-13-35.html |title = alzhir camp |date = 2014 |access-date = 2018-10-11 |website = www.alzhir.kz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150205060418/http://alzhir.kz/ru/2014-03-17-08-12-58/2014-03-17-08-13-35.html |archive-date = 5 February 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref> More than 18,000 women were arrested, and about 8,000 served time in ALZhIR – the '''[[Akmolinsk Oblast|Akmolinsk]] Camp of Wives of Traitors to the Motherland''' ({{langx |ru| Акмолинский лагерь жён изменников Родины (А. Л. Ж. И. Р.)}}). They included the wives of statesmen, politicians and public figures in the then Soviet Union, including the wives of the former members of the Alash movement.<ref name="Қазақ энциклопедиясы">{{Cite book |title=Қазақ энциклопедиясы |year=2004 |publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ "Qazaq ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡sy" |isbn=9965-9389-9-7}}</ref> After the closure of the prisons in 1953, it was reported that 1,507 of the women gave birth as a result of being raped by the guards.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav080609.shtml|title= The forgotten women of the Gulag|first1= Joanna|last1= Lills|first2= David|last2= Trilling|work= Eurasianet|date= 2009-08-06|access-date= 2017-07-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170617122443/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav080609.shtml|archive-date= 17 June 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref>

During Soviet rule most of former members of Alash started working on translating textbooks for newly building schools, since most Kazakhs still weren't educated. Some of former members joined [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]], but still elite protested several politics of Soviet government, like [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] which led to the artificial famine of 1930–33. The Soviet Government attempted to oppress and imprison many of the Kazakh elites. Due to the harsh treatment and conditions in the Kazakh gulags, imprisoned former Alash members experienced accelerated aging over the span of just a few years. This can be observed via photos taken of them before their imprisonment, and gulag mugshots taken before their executions.

===World War II===
Through the lens of the front lines and the home front, Roberto Carmack argues that World War II spurred Kazakhstan’s larger integration into the Soviet Union. However the war experience simultaneously worsened and reinforced ethnic tensions and social disparities. Even in the Soviet Union’s darkest hours ethnic chauvinism could overrule matters of national security. The Kremlin's propaganda efforts directed at soldiers and civilians, combined with military service and exposure to other parts of the USSR, Sovietized the Kazakh populace and the Kazakh SSR. The war made Kazakhstan more Soviet, but also strengthened its colonial status as a supplier of raw materials and manpower for the war effort, and solidified the hierarchy led by Russia in the USSR.<ref>Roberto J. Carmack, ''Kazakhstan in World War II: Mobilization and Ethnicity in the Soviet Empire'' (University Press of Kansas, 2019) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55099 online review]</ref>

====Red Army Participation and Battles Involving Kazakhstan's Soldiers====
A total of 1.2 million soldiers from Kazakhstan were called up to the Red Army, in addition to 178,000 who were already serving in the Soviet military. Soldiers from Kazakhstan participated in all major battles of World War II. At the beginning of the war, hundreds of Kazakh soldiers were among the defenders of the Brest Fortress.<ref name="Қазақ энциклопедиясы"/>
During the [[Battle of Moscow]], which began in late September 1941, the 316th Rifle Division, commanded by General [[Ivan Panfilov|I.V.Panfilov]], and the 312th Rifle Division, led by Colonel A. F. Naumov, distinguished themselves particularly.<ref name="Қазақ энциклопедиясы"/>

The 1073rd Rifle Regiment, under the command of [[Bauyrzhan Momyshuly]], demonstrated heroic resistance against the enemy. Political officers from the Panfilov Division, such as P. B. Vikhrev, M. Gabdullin, and machine gunner T. Tokhtarov, also exhibited extraordinary bravery. Starting from September 6, 1941, Kazakh military units actively participated in the defense of Leningrad. In the summer of 1942, Kazakh forces entered the front-line zone of the Battle of Stalingrad. Kazakhstan's divisions and units fought in the Battle of Kursk and on other fronts, liberating Belarus, the Baltics, Moldova, Ukraine, and countries of Eastern Europe from occupation.<ref name="Қазақ энциклопедиясы"/>

During the [[Battle of the Dnieper]] and the [[Battle of Kiev (1943)|liberation of Kyiv]], the 47th Separate Guards Tank Brigade, commanded by <ref>{{cite web |author = |language = ru |url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xr5Ce1lpbn_51tqznHOg8YLLO0QvUS-t/view?usp=sharing%3Dno%7Ctitle%3D |title = письмо Маршала Якубовского — Первого зам. Министра обороны СССР семье гвардии подполковника Г. А. Адильбекова |access-date = 2022-07-01 |archive-date = 2021-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210629131340/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xr5Ce1lpbn_51tqznHOg8YLLO0QvUS-t/view?usp=sharing=no%7Ctitle= }}</ref> Galya Adilbekovich Adilbekov,<ref>{{cite web |author = |language = ru |url = https://books.google.kg/books?hl=ru&id=TxN1AAAAIAAJ&dq=Якубовский+И.И.+«Земля+в+огне»&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Адильбекова |title = Якубовский И. И. «Земля в огне». — М., Воениздат, 1975. |access-date = 2021-03-08 |archive-date = 2021-05-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210521152817/https://books.google.kg/books?hl=ru&id=TxN1AAAAIAAJ&dq=Якубовский+И.И.+«Земля+в+огне»&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Адильбекова }}</ref> fought heroically. Adilbekov proved himself in key battles such as the Battle of Vitebsk (1941), the counteroffensive near Trubchevsk (1941), and the Battle of Stalingrad (1942). His bravery was acknowledged early in the war, with independent publications about him in Soviet newspapers "Vechernyaya Moskva" (September 5, 1941) and "Izvestiya" (September 13, 1941). He was the only representative of Central Asian nations to hold the rank of Guard Lieutenant Colonel — commanding a separate Guards Tank Regiment at the time of his death.

====Awards====
For their heroism on the fronts of World War II, hundreds of thousands of Kazakh soldiers were awarded Soviet orders and medals, including 96,638 Kazakhs. A total of 497 individuals (including 98 Kazakhs) were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Among them were Kazakh women, such as machine gunner M. Mametova and sniper A. Moldagulova. Kazakh pilots T. Y. Begeldinov, L. I. Beda, I. F. Pavlov, and S. D. Lugansky were each twice honored with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Қазақ энциклопедиясы"/>

=== Internal Soviet migration ===
Many Soviet citizens from the western regions of the USSR and a great deal of Soviet industry relocated to the Kazakh SSR during [[World War II]], when [[Axis powers|Axis]] armies captured or threatened to capture western Soviet industrial centres. Groups of Soviet citizens including [[Crimean Tatars]], German, and Muslims from the [[North Caucasus]] were deported to the Kazakh SSR during the war. The Kremlin feared that they would collaborate with the Nazi invaders. Many Poles from eastern Poland were also deported to the Kazakh SSR, and local people shared their food with the new arrivals.<ref name="curtissoviet"/>

Many more non-Kazakhs arrived between 1953 and 1965, during the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] of [[Soviet Premier]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (in office 1958–1964). That program saw huge tracts of Kazakh SSR grazing land cultivated for wheat and other cereal grains. More settlement occurred in the late 1960s and 1970s, when the Soviet government paid bonuses to workers participating in a program to relocate Soviet industry closer to Central Asia's coal, gas, and oil deposits. By the 1970s the Kazakh SSR was the only Soviet republic in which those of  eponymous nationality was a minority, due to immigration and the decimation of the nomadic Kazakh population.<ref name="curtissoviet" />

The Kazakh SSR played industrial and agricultural roles in the centrally-controlled Soviet economic system, with coal deposits discovered during the 20th century promising to replace depleted fuel-reserves in the European territories of the USSR. The distance between the European industrial centres and the Kazakh coal-fields posed a formidable problem – only partially solved by Soviet efforts to industrialize Central Asia. This left the Republic of Kazakhstan a mixed legacy after 1991: a population of nearly as many Russians as Kazakhs; a class of [[technocracy|Russian technocrats]] necessary to economic progress but ethnically unassimilated, and a coal- and oil-based energy industry whose efficiency is limited by inadequate infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.ecogeodb.com/ECO_Detail.asp?P=History&CN=Kazakhstan&C=KAZ
|title= History of Kazakhstan
|access-date= 16 March 2016
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160323094032/http://www.ecogeodb.com/ECO_Detail.asp?P=History&CN=Kazakhstan&C=KAZ
|archive-date= 23 March 2016
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>