Editing History of Bangladesh (section)

==Late Middle Ages==
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate}}
Muslim rule in the region was inaugurated with the taking of [[Nadia district|Nadia]] in 1202 ([[Ghurid invasion of Bengal]]). Initially, [[Bengal]] was administered by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s governors, then by independent sultanates and then was under the rule of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]]. While Muslims had advanced into [[Sindh]] in the 700s, it was in Afghanistan that the ultimate Muslim conquest of South Asia originated from, starting with the raids by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the early 11th century. The Afghanistan-based [[Ghurids]] replaced the [[Ghaznavids]] and they started expanded into the Ganges region. As part of this eastward expansion Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad Bakhtiar Khan defeated the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] in [[Bihar]] and in 1202 was victorious over the [[Sena dynasty|Senas]] in Nadia. In 1206, the Delhi Sultanate was created. It was not a true dynasty but the rulers was known as Mamluk. The Sultanate continued till 1290. The conquest of Nadia did not entail swift conversions to Islam. The authority of the Senas persisted in [[Vikrampur]] till 1245 and a large part of eastern Bangladesh had neither been conquered nor converted.<ref>{{cite book|last=Baxter|first=Craig|year=1997|title=Bangladesh: From A Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press|page=17|isbn=978-0-813-33632-9}}</ref>

Four dynasties based in Delhi succeeded the Slave dynasty. The [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]] ruled from 1290 to 1320. The [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq dynasty]]'s rule lasted until 1413. Sayyid rule ran from 1414 to 1451. The [[Lodi dynasty|Lodhi dynasty]] ruled in the 1451-1526 period. But the writ of the Delhi Sultanate had been weak in its outer regions and Bengal like other similar areas turned into an independent region.<ref name="Baxter 1997 18">{{cite book|last=Baxter|first=Craig|year=1997|title=Bangladesh: From A Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press|page=18|isbn=978-0-813-33632-9}}</ref> [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] became the ruler of independent Bengal in 1342 and his dynasty ruled until 1486, barring a short interlude. He had come to power after a Bengali revolt against the Tughluq dynasty's governor. Shamsuddin drove up the Ganges to contest Tughluq rule. The Tughluqs, in return drove Ilyas Shah out of [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]] into eastern Bengal. Shamsuddin reclaimed Pandua and continued ruling Bengal. Shamsuddin's heir repelled Tughluq incursions and like his predecessor expanded the dynasty's authority into [[Bihar]].<ref name="Baxter 1997 18"/>

The dynasty constructed grand buildings in Pandua. They built India's biggest mosque, the [[Adina Mosque|Adina mosque]]. Richard Eaton cites diplomatic accounts about the grandeur of Pandua's buildings. Eaton observes the influence of both Islamic and pre-Islamic Persian courts.<ref name="Baxter 1997 18"/> Hindu landlords possessed a large quantity of land even under the Muslim rulers. The Hindu domination was opposed by the Muslim leadership, exemplified by the [[Faraizi movement|Faraizi]] campaign and leaders like [[Titumir|Titu Mir]] in the 1800s.<ref name="Baxter 1997 18"/>

When the dynasty's third ruler died in 1410 there was a conflict over the throne. [[Raja Ganesha|Raja Ganesh]], who was a Hindu feudal, used the successorship conflict to seize control of Bengal. He repelled an incursion on Bengal by the [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur sultanate]] in [[north India]]. His son, [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] who embraced Islam, and then his grandson ruled after him. In 1433, the latter was assassinated and the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] was restored.<ref name="Baxter 1997 18"/>

The dynasty began importing [[Abyssinia|Abyssinian]] slaves. This population became more significant. They became so important that in 1486 an Abyssinian, [[Shahzada Barbak|Barbak Shahzada]], seized power from [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]]. Barbak Shahzada's dynasty was short, lasting for the next seven years.<ref name="Baxter 1997 18"/> The last Abyssinian ruler, [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]], lost power to the Arab principal minister, [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Alauddin Husain]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Baxter|first=Craig|year=1997|title=Bangladesh: From A Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press|pages=18–19|isbn=978-0-813-33632-9}}</ref>

The initiation in 1493 of the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] brought a period which has been considered Bengal's golden age. The government was genuinely Bengali<ref>{{cite book|last=Baxter|first=Craig|year=1997|title=Bangladesh: From A Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press|page=19|isbn=978-0-813-33632-9}}</ref> and while land ownership remained concentrated in Hindu hands, both religious groups had pivotal roles in the government. The sultanate expanded to acquire [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] and [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]. The Sultanate also dominated [[Odisha|Orissa]], [[Tripura]] and the [[Arakan]] region.<ref name="Baxter 1997 20">{{cite book|last=Baxter|first=Craig|year=1997|title=Bangladesh: From A Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press|page=20|isbn=978-0-813-33632-9}}</ref>

[[Babur]] defeated the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodhis]] at [[Panipat]] in 1526 and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] established India's greatest state since the time of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]]. But during [[Sher Shah Suri|Sheh Shah Suri]]'s rebellion against the second Mughal ruler [[Humayun|Humayan]], he triumphed over the Hussain Shahi dynasty's [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] in 1538, thus bringing an end to the independent status of Bengal.<ref name="Baxter 1997 20"/> For a short time Humayun ruled [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]].<ref name="Willem van Schendel 50">{{cite book|author=Willem van Schendel|title=A History of Bangladesh|date=12 February 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511997419|page=50}}</ref>

Bengal along with other parts of eastern India was ruled by Sheh Shah Suri. He implemented many reforms such as introducing [[Pargana|parganas]]. These were land survey based local tax units. He is most famous for designing the [[Grand Trunk Road]] between [[Chittagong]] and [[Punjab]].<ref name="Baxter 1997 20"/> Humayun retook [[Delhi City|Delhi]] in 1556. But the Suris continued ruling Bengal until 1564 when they were replaced by the [[Karrani dynasty]]. Like the Suris, they were not native to Bengal. They had been raiders whom the Mughal armies had driven eastwards.<ref name="Baxter 1997 20"/>

===Turko Afghan rule===
In 1204&nbsp;CE, the first Muslim ruler, [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji|Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji]], a Turko Afghan,<ref name="books.google.no">{{Cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Biplab |author-link=Biplab Dasgupta |year=2005 |title=European Trade and Colonial Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&pg=PA327 |publisher=Anthem Press |page=327 |isbn=978-1-84331-029-7 |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112251/https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&pg=PA327 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Prinsep |first=James |author-link=James Prinsep |year=1840 |title=Useful Tables, Forming an Appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: Part the First, Coins, Weights, and Measures of British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA147 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |page=147 |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112251/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA147 |url-status=live }}</ref> captured Nadia and established Muslim rule. The political influence of Islam began to spread across Bengal with the conquest of Nadia, the capital city of the Sen ruler Lakshmana.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

After capturing [[Nadia district|Nadia]], Bakhtiyar advanced towards [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] (Lakhnuti), another major city of the Sena kingdom, conquered it and made it his capital in 1205. In the following year, Bakhtiyar set out on an expedition to capture Tibet, but this attempt failed and he had to return to Bengal in poor health and with a reduced army. Shortly afterwards, he was killed by one of his commanders, [[Ali Mardan Khilji]].<ref name="cie">{{cite web |url=http://projects.cie.org.uk/banglao/textbook/historyandculture/premughal/muslimrule |title=Bangladesh Studies O Level (7094) Pilot Textbook |publisher=University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125053321/http://projects.cie.org.uk/banglao/textbook/historyandculture/premughal/muslimrule |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> In the meantime, Lakshman Sen and his two sons retreated to [[Munshiganj District|Vikramapur]] (in the present-day [[Munshiganj District]] in Bangladesh), where their diminished dominion lasted until the late 13th century.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Khiljis were Turko Afghan.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Niazi |first=Ghulam Sarwar Khan |year=1992 |title=The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZgnqfXjnQC&pg=PA19 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |pages=19– |isbn=978-81-7156-362-3 |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112251/https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZgnqfXjnQC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |year=2011 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA91 |publisher=Pearson Education India |pages=91– |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112251/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> The period after Bakhtiar Khilji's death in 1207 involved infighting among the Khiljis. This was typical of a pattern of succession struggles and intra-sultanate intrigues during later Turko Afghan regimes.<ref name="books.google.no"/> In this case, [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah|Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Khilji]] prevailed and extended the Sultan's domain south to [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] and made the eastern Bang province a tributary. The capital was established at [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] on the Ganges near the older Bengal capital of [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]]. He managed to make [[Kamarupa]] and Trihut pay tribute to him. But he was later defeated by Shams-ud-Din [[Iltutmish]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

=== Sonargaon Sultanate ===
{{Main article|Mubarak Shahi Dynasty}}
[[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]] ruled an independent kingdom in areas that lie within modern-day eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh from 1338 to 1349.<ref name="BangFMS">{{cite book|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|last=Khan|first=Muazzam Hussain|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=2012|edition=Second|chapter=Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702003354/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the first Muslim ruler to conquer Chittagong, the principal port in the Bengal region, in 1340.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lged.gov.bd/DistrictLGED.aspx?DistrictID=11|title=About Chittagong:History|publisher=Local Government Engineering Department, Government of Bangladesh|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183343/http://www.lged.gov.bd/DistrictLGED.aspx?DistrictID=11|archive-date=3 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fakhruddin's capital was [[Sonargaon]]<ref name="BangFMS" /> which emerged as the principal city of the region and as the capital of an independent sultanate during his reign.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Historic archaeological sites need to be preserved |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-104471 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |agency=UNB |date=5 September 2009 |access-date=9 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154201/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-104471 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=live}}
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