Editing Hindus (section)

=== Hindu persecution ===
{{Main|Persecution of Hindus}}
The Hindus have been persecuted during the medieval and modern era. The medieval persecution included waves of plunder, killing, destruction of temples and enslavement by Turk-Mongol Muslim armies from central Asia. This is documented in Islamic literature such as those relating to 8th century [[Muhammad bin-Qasim]],<ref>{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages= 154–161, 203–205}}</ref> 11th century [[Mahmud of Ghazni]],<ref>{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages= 162–163, 184–186}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Victoria Schofield|title=Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CXfd1johOAC&pg=PA25 |year=2010|publisher=Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-188-7 |pages=25}}</ref> the Persian traveler Al Biruni,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sachau|first=Edward|title=Alberuni's India, Vol. 1|year=1910|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.|page=22|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000078.html?toggle=image&menu=maximize&top=&left=|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102408/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000078.html?toggle=image&menu=maximize&top=&left=|url-status=live}}, Quote: "Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed there wonderful exploits, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people."</ref> the 14th century Islamic army invasion led by Timur,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tapan Raychaudhuri|author2=Irfan Habib|title=Cambridge Economic History of India Vol-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsyatLixPsUC&pg=PA91 |year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-81-250-2730-0 |pages=91}}, Quote: "When Timur invaded India in 1398–99, collection of slaves formed an important object for his army. 100,000 Hindu slaves had been seized by his soldiers and camp followers. Even a pious saint had gathered together fifteen slaves. Regrettably, all had to be slaughtered before the attack on Delhi for fear that they might rebel. But after the occupation of Delhi the inhabitants were brought out and distributed as slaves among Timur's nobles, the captives including several thousand artisans and professional people."</ref> and various Sunni Islamic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book|author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA105 |year=2011|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=105}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA180 |year=2004|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |pages=180}}</ref><ref name=lorenzen50 /> There were occasional exceptions such as [[Akbar]] who stopped the persecution of Hindus,<ref name=lorenzen50>{{cite book|author=David N. Lorenzen |author-link=David Lorenzen |title=Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&pg=PA50 |year=2006|publisher=Yoda |isbn=978-81-902272-6-1 |pages=50}}</ref> and occasional severe persecution such as under [[Aurangzeb]],{{sfn|Ayalon|1986|p=271}}{{sfn|Avari|2013|p=115 |ps=: citing a 2000 study, writes "Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of just fifteen destructions."<br /><br />In contrast to Avari, the historian Abraham Eraly estimates Aurangzeb era destruction to be significantly higher; "in 1670, all temples around [[Ujjain]] were destroyed"; and later, "300 temples were destroyed in and around Chitor, [[Udaipur]] and [[Jaipur]]" among other Hindu temples destroyed elsewhere in campaigns through 1705.<ref>Abraham Eraly (2000), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|978-0-14-100143-2}} pages 398–399</ref><br /><br />The persecution during the Islamic period targeted non-Hindus as well. Avari writes, "Aurangzeb's religious policy caused friction between him and the ninth [[Sikhism|Sikh]] guru, Tegh Bahadur. In both [[Punjab]] and Kashmir the [[Sikh]] leader was roused to action by Aurangzeb's excessively zealous Islamic policies. Seized and taken to Delhi, he was called upon by [[Aurangzeb]] to embrace [[Islam]] and, on refusal, was tortured for five days and then beheaded in November 1675. Two of the ten Sikh gurus thus died as martyrs at the hands of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. (Avari (2013), page 155)}}{{efn|See also "Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records"; more links at the bottom of that page. For Muslim historian's record on major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 AD, see Richard Eaton (2000), Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pages 283–319}} who destroyed temples, forcibly converted non-Muslims to Islam and banned the celebration of Hindu festivals such as [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kiyokazu Okita|title=Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9X1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-870926-8 |pages=28–29}}</ref>

Other recorded persecution of Hindus include those under the reign of 18th century [[Tipu Sultan]] in south India,<ref>{{cite book |author=Kate Brittlebank |year=1997 |title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zI-AAAAMAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=12, 34–35 |isbn=978-0-19-563977-3}}</ref> and during the colonial era.<ref>{{cite book|author=Funso S. Afọlayan|title=Culture and Customs of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJh4ziYPoksC&pg=PA78 |year=2004|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32018-7 |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh | first=Sherry-Ann | title=Hinduism and the State in Trinidad | journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies | volume=6 | issue=3 | year=2005 | pages=353–365 | doi=10.1080/14649370500169987| s2cid=144214455 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Derek R. Peterson |author2=Darren R. Walhof |title=The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k49IdzycwUC |year=2002 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3093-2 |pages=82 |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131351/https://books.google.com/books?id=5k49IdzycwUC |url-status=live }}</ref> In the modern era, religious persecution of Hindus have been reported outside India in [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul A. Marshall|title=Religious Freedom in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIq-whVzNxoC&pg=PA89 |year=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6213-4 |pages=88–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grim |first1=B. J. |last2=Finke |first2=R. |title=Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies? | journal=American Sociological Review | volume=72 |issue=4 |year=2007 |pages=633–658 |doi=10.1177/000312240707200407|s2cid=145734744 }}, Quote: "Hindus are fatally persecuted in Bangladesh and elsewhere."</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hindus from Pakistan flee to India, citing religious persecution |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 August 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hindus-from-pakistan-flee-to-india-citing-religious-persecution/2012/08/15/adf09888-e6e4-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hindus-from-pakistan-flee-to-india-citing-religious-persecution/2012/08/15/adf09888-e6e4-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |title=The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/1/the-decline-of-afghanistans-hindu-and-sikh-communities |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Black July massacres that triggered Sri Lanka's 26-year civil war? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/what-are-black-july-massacres-that-triggered-sri-lankas-26-year-civil-war |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-22 |title=Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-new-evidence-reveals-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-scores-in-rakhine-state/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>