Editing Himachal Pradesh (section)

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Terrace Farming (2877646816).jpg|left|thumb|Terrace farming is the most common form of agricultural practice in the state.]]

[[Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh|Agriculture]] accounts for 9.4% of the net state domestic product.<ref name="admis.hp.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/pdfs/EconomicSurveyEng2016_17_A1b.pdf |title=Economic Survey: 2016–17 |publisher=Official Website of Irrigation and Public Health Department, Himachal Pradesh |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219220449/http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/pdfs/EconomicSurveyEng2016_17_A1b.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. About 90% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62% of total workers of state.<ref name="admis.hp.nic.in" /> The main cereals grown include [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[rice]] and [[barley]] with major cropping systems being maize-wheat, rice-wheat and maize-potato-wheat.<ref name="HPCrop">{{cite journal |first1=H. R. |last1=Sharma |title=Crop Diversification in Himachal Pradesh: Patterns, Determinants and Challenges |journal=Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics |volume=66 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=97–114 |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/204738/files/11-H.%20R%20Sharma.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar.org.in/files/state-specific/chapter/57.htm |title=State specific files, Chapter 57: Himachal Pradesh |website=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]|access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401170941/http://www.icar.org.in/files/state-specific/chapter/57.htm |archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pulses]], [[fruits]], [[vegetables]] and [[oilseeds]] are among the other crops grown in the state.<ref name="HPCrop" /> Centuries-old traditional [[Kuhl irrigation (Himachal Pradesh)|Kuhl irrigation]] system is prevalent in the [[Kangra Valley|Kangra valley]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Irrigation in Kangra valley: no longer kuhl |last=Pinto |first=Aditi |date=13 May 2019 |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/irrigation-in-kangra-valley-no-longer-kuhl |publisher=People's Archive of Rural India |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428232756/https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/irrigation-in-kangra-valley-no-longer-kuhl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though in recent years these Kuhls have come under threat from hydroprojects on small streams in the valley.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2018 |title=HP 'Kulhs' bear the brunt of small hydro projects |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/hp-kulhs-bear-brunt-small-hydro-projects-1502632613.html |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727191853/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/hp-kulhs-bear-brunt-small-hydro-projects-1502632613.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Land husbandry initiatives such as the [[Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project]], which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the world's largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.<ref name=WB20120927>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/09/27/37-million-additional-financing-himachal-pradesh-mid-himalayan-watershed-development-project-india-18000-farmer-households-benefit |title=$37 Million Additional Financing for Himachal Pradesh Mid Himalayan Watershed Development Project, India – 18000 Farmer Households to Benefit |publisher=Worldbank.org |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111021816/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/09/27/37-million-additional-financing-himachal-pradesh-mid-himalayan-watershed-development-project-india-18000-farmer-households-benefit |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kullu Valley, Vashisht, Manali, Apples, India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Apple]]s at an orchard in [[Vashisht, Himachal Pradesh|Vashisht]]; the state is the second-largest producer of apples in India]]

[[Apple]] is the principal cash crop of the state grown principally in the districts of Shimla, Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Chamba and some parts of Sirmaur and Lahaul-Spiti with an average annual production of five [[lakh]] tonnes and per hectare production of 8 to 10 tonnes.<ref name="APP">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/apple-season-begins-in-himachal-pradesh/article7493082.ece |title=Apple season begins in Himachal Pradesh |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Kanwar Yogendra|access-date=1 June 2016 |date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127183750/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/apple-season-begins-in-himachal-pradesh/article7493082.ece|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The apple cultivation constitute 49 per cent of the total area under fruit crops and 85% of total fruit production in the state with an estimated economy of {{INR}}3500 [[crore]].<ref name="APP" /> Apples from Himachal are exported to other [[Indian states and territories|Indian states]] and even other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nhb.gov.in/report_files/apple/APPLE.htm |title=APPLE |publisher=National Horticulture Board|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105042259/http://nhb.gov.in/report_files/apple/APPLE.htm|archive-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apple">{{cite web |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/agriculture/himachal-pradesh-exports-over-3-crore-apple-boxes-to-markets-across-country/story/224999.html |title=Himachal Pradesh headed for good Apple crop this year |date=19 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2016 |work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629131817/http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/agriculture/himachal-pradesh-exports-over-3-crore-apple-boxes-to-markets-across-country/story/224999.html|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011–12, the total area under apple cultivation was 104,000 hectares, increased from 90,347 hectares in 2000–01.<ref name="Apple" /> According to the provisional estimates of [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]], the annual apple production in Himachal for fiscal 2015–16 stood at 753,000 tonnes, making it India's second-largest apple-producing state after [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148013 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |title=Production of Apple Increases by About 36% in 2015–16|access-date=23 April 2018 |date=29 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071527/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148013|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is also among the leading producers of other fruits such as [[apricots]], [[cherries]], [[peaches]], [[pears]], [[plums]] and [[strawberries]] in India.
[[File:Tea Gardens Dharamshala.jpg|thumb|Tea gardens in Dharamsala]]
[[Kangra tea]] is grown in the Kangra valley. Tea plantation began in 1849, and production peaked in the late 19th century with the tea becoming popular across the globe.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/tea-the-kangra-way/article6120742.ece |title=Tea, the Kangra way |date=17 June 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415170613/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/tea-the-kangra-way/article6120742.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Production dipped sharply after the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] and continues to decline.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/plantations-in-himachal-pradesh-palampur-a-tea-thats-not-on-the-menu-of-any-political-party-5732238 |title=Plantations in Himachal Pradesh's Palampur: A tea that's not on the menu of any political party |date=18 May 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928052226/https://indianexpress.com/elections/plantations-in-himachal-pradesh-palampur-a-tea-thats-not-on-the-menu-of-any-political-party-5732238/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tea received [[Geographical Indication|geographical indication]] status in 2005.