Editing Hierarchical organization (section)

====Hierarchy as self-organized ladder of responsibility====
In the literature on organization [[design]] and [[Business agility|agility]], hierarchy is conceived as a [[Requisite organization|requisite]] structure that emerges in a [[Self-organization|self-organized]] manner from operational activities.<ref name="Romme"/><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":8">Robertson, B.J. (2015), ''Holacracy: The New Management System for a Rapidly Changing World.'' New York: Henry Holt.</ref><ref name=":5">Romme (2019)</ref> For example, a small firm composed of only three equivalent partners can initially operate without any hierarchy; but substantial growth in terms of people and their tasks will create the need for coordination and related managerial activities; this implies, for example, that one of the partners starts doing these coordination activities. Another example involves organizations adopting [[holacracy]] or [[sociocracy]], with people at all levels self-organizing their responsibilities;<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Monarth |first=Harrison |date=2014-01-28 |title=A Company Without Job Titles Will Still Have Hierarchies |url=https://hbr.org/2014/01/a-company-without-job-titles-will-still-have-hierarchies |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=Harvard Business Review |issn=0017-8012}}</ref> that is, they exercise "real" rather than formal authority.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aghion |first1=Philippe |last2=Tirole |first2=Jean |date= 1997|title=Formal and Real Authority in Organizations |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/262063 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1086/262063 |issn=0022-3808|hdl=1721.1/63648 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In this respect, [[Moral responsibility|responsibility]] is an expression of self-restraint and intrinsic [[obligation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Managing in a Time of Great Change |url=https://www.routledge.com/Managing-in-a-Time-of-Great-Change/Drucker/p/book/9780750637145 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pragmatist Democracy: Evolutionary Learning as Public Philosophy {{!}} Oxford Academic |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/5519 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=academic.oup.com |language=en}}</ref> Examples of self-organized ladders of responsibility have also been observed in (the early stages of) [[worker cooperative]]s, like [[Mondragon Corporation|Mondragon]], in which hierarchy is created in a bottom-up manner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making Mondragón by William Foote Whyte {{!}} Paperback |url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780875461823/making-mondragn/www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780875461823/making-mondrag-n/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Cornell University Press |language=en-US}}</ref>