Editing Heimskringla (section)

===History of translations===
By the mid-16th century, the Old Norse language was unintelligible to Norwegian, Swedish or Danish readers. At that time several translations of extracts were made in Norway into the Danish language, which was the literary language of Norway at the time.{{Citation needed|date= February 2018}} The first complete translation was made around 1600 by [[Peder Claussøn Friis]], and printed in 1633. This was based on a manuscript known as ''Jofraskinna''.{{Citation needed|date= February 2018}}

Subsequently, the Stockholm manuscript was translated into Swedish and Latin by [[Johan Peringskiöld]] (by order of [[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]]) and published in 1697 at Stockholm under the title ''Heimskringla'', which is the first known use of the name. This edition also included the first printing of the text in Old Norse. A new Danish translation with the text in Old Norse and a Latin translation came out in 1777–83 (by order of [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick VI]] as crown prince). An English translation by [[Samuel Laing (travel writer)|Samuel Laing]] was finally published in 1844, with a second edition in 1889. Starting in the 1960s English-language revisions of Laing appeared, as well as fresh English translations.<ref>Snorri Sturluson, trans. Samuel Laing, ed. Rasmus Björn Anderson, ''The Heimskringla: Or, The Sagas of the Norse Kings from the Icelandic of Snorre Sturlason'' (NY: Scribner & Wellford, 1889).
Snorri Sturluson, Peter Foote revised edition of Laing 1844, ''Heimskringla: Sagas of the Norse Kings'' (London: Dent, 1961).
Snorri Sturluson, Jacqueline Simpson revised edition of Laing 1844, ''Heimskringla: The Olaf Sagas'', 2 vols. (London: Dent, 1964).
Snorri Sturluson, trans. Lee Hollander, ''Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway'' (Austin TX: American-Scandinavian Foundation and University of TX Press, 1964). 
Snorri Sturluson, trans. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Palsson, ''King Harald's Saga: Harald Hardradi of Norway'' (NY: Penguin, 1966).</ref>

In the 19th century, as Norway was achieving independence after centuries of union with Denmark and Sweden, the stories of the independent Norwegian medieval kingdom won great popularity in Norway. ''Heimskringla'', although written by an Icelander, became an important national symbol for Norway during the period of [[romantic nationalism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Straubhaar |first=Sandra Ballif |author-link=Sandra Ballif Straubhaar |title=Gustav Storm's Heimskringla as a Norwegian Nationalist Genesis Narrative. |journal=Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek |date=1999 |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=115 |url=https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/tvs/article/view/10526/8104 |access-date=22 May 2019 |issn=1875-9505 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801085612/https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/tvs/article/view/10526/8104 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1900, the Norwegian parliament, the [[Stortinget|Storting]], subsidized the publication of new translations of ''Heimskringla'' into both Norwegian written forms, [[nynorsk|landsmål]] and [[bokmål|riksmål]], "in order that the work may achieve wide distribution at a low price".<ref>''"forat verket ved en lav pris kan faa almindelig udbredelse".'' Snorre Sturlason, ''Kongesagaer'' (Kristiania, 1900).</ref>