Editing Hazaras (section)

== Geographic distribution ==

=== Afghanistan ===
{{Further|Hazaristan|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Expand section|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890.jpg|thumb|left|Afghanistan and the geographical region of Hazaristan in 1890]]
The Hazaras are among the largest [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan]], predominantly settled in the central regions known as [[Hazaristan]] (Hazarajat), with a significant presence throughout the country.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dames |first=M. Longworth |title=Hazāra |date=24 April 2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/hazara-SIM_2782 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936) |access-date=9 August 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> Their population within Afghanistan is estimated to range from 8 to 10 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENDURING AND OVERCOMING: THE STRUGGLE OF THE HAZARAS IN AFGHANISTAN |trans-title=Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/441/FAAE/Reports/RP13256076/faaerp27/faaerp27-e.pdf |date=October 2024}}</ref>

Until the 1880s, the Hazaras maintained full autonomy and controlled all of Hazarajat. The central government in Kabul had not yet succeeded in bringing them under its rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |url= |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7007-0630-5 |location= |page=65 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Central Asia ===
{{Further|Demographics of Central Asia}}
After the massacre and genocide of the Hazaras by [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Abdur Rahman]] from [[1888–1893 Hazara uprisings|1888 to 1893]], many Hazaras migrated to [[Central Asia|Central Asian]] regions under [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russian]] occupation, including [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Kazakhstan]], with a significant number settling in [[Samarkand]] and [[Bukhara]]. Over time, many Hazaras living in these regions lost their accent, language, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial structure and appearance with the local populations, leading to their assimilation.<ref name="archive.mashal.org" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |url= |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
{{Further|Demographics of Pakistan|Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
[[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|[[General Musa Khan]], served as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]]
During the period of [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 19th century, Hazaras worked in coal mines, road construction, and other [[working-class]] jobs during the winter months in various cities of what is now [[Pakistan]]. The earliest record of Hazaras in Pakistan dates back to Broadfoot's Sappers Company, which was established in 1835 in [[Quetta]] and also participated in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. Additionally, some Hazaras worked on agricultural farms in [[Sindh]] and contributed to the construction of the Sukkur Barrage.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} In 1962, the [[government of Pakistan]] officially recognized the Hazaras as one of the [[ethnic groups of Pakistan|country's ethnic groups]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Poladi |first=Hassan |url= |title=The Hazāras}}</ref>

Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Localities in the city of [[Quetta]] with prominent Hazara populations include [[Hazara Town]] and [[Mariabad]]. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to that of Hazaras in Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the local society's social dynamics. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Other notable Hazaras include [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], [[General Musa Khan]], who served as the fourth [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] from 1958 to 1968, [[Air Marshal]] [[Sharbat Ali Changezi]], who served in the [[Pakistan Air Force]] from 1949 to 1987, [[Hussain Ali Yousafi]], the slain chairman of the [[Hazara Democratic Party]],<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2009/01/090127_hazara_funeral_strike_zs.shtml "Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party'"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 26 January 2009</ref> and [[Sayed Nasir Ali Shah]], a Member of the National Assembly from Quetta, along with his father [[Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara]], who was a senator and member of the [[Pakistan Parliament]] during the [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] era.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Despite this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] and others. Activists report that at least 800 to 1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999, and the pace is quickening. According to [[Human Rights Watch]], more than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January.<ref name="Bigg" /> The political representation of the community is served by the [[Hazara Democratic Party]], a secular liberal democratic party headed by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (Politician)|Abdul Khaliq Hazara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/balochistans-hazaras-speak-out--qs |title=Balochistan's Hazaras speak out&nbsp;— Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary-General of the Hazara Democratic Party, Abdul Khaliq Hazara |publisher=[[Dawn.com]] |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazarapress.com/political_parties/index.htm |title=List of Political parties |publisher=Hazarapress.com |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{Further|Demographics of Iran|Ethnic groups in Iran}}
[[File:Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara]], also known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara", a prominent Hazara leader and the first Sunni representative to serve in the Iranian Parliament]]

The Hazara people in [[Iran]] are also referred to as '''Khāwari''' ({{langx|fa|خاوری}}) or '''Barbari''' ({{lang|fa|بربری}}).<ref>{{cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |url= |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7007-0630-5 |location= |page=148 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ed |title=Berberi |date=24 April 2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/berberi-SIM_1374 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=13 August 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> Over many years, due to political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran.<ref name="W.I.Smyth" /> Before Iran was forced to relinquish the [[Herat]] region according to the [[Treaty of Paris (1857)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1857 during the reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah]], the country possessed a much larger part of [[Greater Khorasan]]. One of the tribes that roamed this area prior to the cession was the Hazaras. After the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn, the tribe settled on both sides of the border. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar period]] and during the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi period]] was held by [[Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara]], known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara." He was a [[Sunni]] Hazara, a politician, and the first Sunni representative in the [[National Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]], as well as the only Sunni Iranian to represent Mashhad in the history of Iran's [[legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf |title="«شورش خراسان» در کتابفروشی‌ها شکل می‌گیرد" |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223108/http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= بیات|first= کاوه|title= شورش خراسان و صولت‌السلطنه هزاره (زمستان 1320)|year= 2016|url= https://www.iranketab.ir/book/32616-khorasan-uprising|publisher= موسسه فرهنگی هنری جهان کتاب|isbn=978-600-6732-68-8}}</ref>

=== India ===
{{Main|Attarwala}}
{{Expand section|date=October 2023}}
The [[Attarwala]] claim to be Hazaras who mainly inhabit the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. They are descended from a group of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] soldiers who were initially settled in [[Agra]] during the rule of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref name="Mohideen-2003">{{cite book |last=Mohideen |first=AM |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=KS |series=People of India Part One |volume=XXI |pages=78–81 |chapter=Attarwalla |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&pg=PA78}}</ref> According to their recorded documents, they then migrated to [[Ahmedabad]] via [[Gwalior]], [[Ratlam]], and [[Godhra]]. This migration followed their participation in the community during the 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian War of Independence]]. Once settled in Gujarat, the community took up the occupation of manufacturing perfumes known as [[ittar]]s.<ref name="Mohideen-2003" /> The term "attarwala" means "manufacturer of perfumes." A second migration occurred in 1947 from Agra after the [[partition of India]], with some members immigrating to [[Pakistan]], while others joined their co-ethnics in Ahmedabad.<ref name="Mohideen-2003" />

=== Diaspora ===
{{Main|Hazara diaspora|Afghan diaspora|Hazaras in Europe|Hazara Australians}}
[[Alessandro Monsutti]] argues in his recent [[anthropological]] book<ref>{{cite book |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |year=2005 |title=War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-97508-7}}</ref> that [[Human migration|migration]] is a traditional way of life for the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations that have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated solely by emergencies such as war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title= War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|year= 2005|publisher= Routledge|location= Routledge, New York|language= en |translator=Patrick Camiller|isbn= 978-0-415-97508-7}}</ref> Due to decades of conflict in Afghanistan and [[Sectarianism in Pakistan|sectarian violence in Pakistan]], many Hazaras have left their communities and settled in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Canada]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], and particularly the [[Northern Europe]]an countries such as [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]]. Some migrate as exchange students, while others do so through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died at sea while attempting to reach Australia by boat from Indonesia, many of whom were Hazaras.<ref name="Bigg">{{cite news|last=Bigg |first=Matthew |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-hazaras-idUSBRE89N1LP20121025 |title=Insight: Pakistani death squads spur desperate voyage to Australia |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=8 December 2013|date=25 October 2012}}</ref> A notable case was the [[Tampa affair]], in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the [[Norway|Norwegian]] freighter [[MV Tampa|MV ''Tampa'']] and subsequently sent to [[Nauru]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1522723.stm Australia ships out Afghan refugees] BBC News.</ref>