Editing Hanja (section)

==Uses==
Because many different Hanja—and thus, many different words written using Hanja—often share the [[Homophone|same sounds]], two distinct Hanja words ({{Transliteration|ko|Hanjaeo}}) may be spelled identically in the [[phonetic]] Hangul [[alphabet]]. Hanja's language of origin, Chinese, has many homophones, and Hanja words became even more homophonic when they came into Korean, since Korean lacks a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal system]], which is how Chinese distinguishes many words that would otherwise be homophonic. For example, while {{linktext|道}}, {{linktext|刀}}, and {{linktext|島}} are all phonetically distinct in Mandarin (pronounced {{Transliteration|cmn|dào}}, {{Transliteration|cmn|dāo}}, and {{Transliteration|cmn|dǎo}} respectively), they are all pronounced {{Transliteration|ko|do}} ({{Lang|ko|도}}) in Korean. For this reason, Hanja are often used to clarify meaning, either on their own without the equivalent Hangul spelling or in parentheses after the Hangul spelling as a kind of gloss. Hanja is often also used as a form of shorthand in newspaper headlines, advertisements, and on signs, for example the banner at the funeral for the [[Republic of Korea Navy|sailors]] lost in the sinking of [[ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772)]].<ref name="Korea bids farewell">{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2010-04/29/c_13272696_4.htm|title=S. Korea bids farewell to warship victims|last=Yang|first=Lina|date=2010-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224747/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2010-04/29/c_13272696_4.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Xinhua]]}}</ref>

===Print media===
[[File:신라면(봉지면) 구성품.jpg|thumb|left|A packet of Shin Ramyun. The Chinese character {{linktext|辛}}, meaning 'spicy', is prominently displayed.]]
In South Korea, Hanja is used most frequently in ancient literature, legal documents, and scholarly monographs, where they often appear without the equivalent Hangul spelling. Usually, only those words with a specialized or ambiguous meaning are printed in Hanja. In mass-circulation books and magazines, Hanja is generally used rarely, and only to gloss words already spelled in Hangul when the meaning is ambiguous. Hanja are also often used in newspaper headlines as abbreviations or to eliminate ambiguity.<ref>Brown 1990: 120</ref>

In formal publications, personal names are also usually glossed in Hanja in parentheses next to the Hangul. Aside from academic usage, Hanja are often used for advertising or decorative purposes in South Korea, and appear frequently in athletic events and cultural parades, packaging and labeling, dictionaries and [[atlas]]es. For example, the Hanja {{linktext|辛}} ({{Transliteration|ko|sin}} or {{Transliteration|ko|shin}}, meaning 'spicy') appears prominently on packages of [[Shin Ramyun]] noodles.<ref name="신라면, 더 쫄깃해진 면발…세계인 울리는 '국가대표 라면'">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2016021628251|script-title=ko:신라면, 더 쫄깃해진 면발…세계인 울리는 '국가대표 라면'|website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]]|date=17 February 2016|access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> In contrast, North Korea eliminated the use of Hanja even in academic publications by 1949 on the orders of [[Kim Il Sung]], a situation that has since remained unchanged.<ref name="Hannas 1997: 67"/> 
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===Dictionaries===
In modern Korean dictionaries, all entry words of [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]] origin are printed in Hangul and listed in Hangul order, with the Hanja given in parentheses immediately following the entry word.

This practice helps to eliminate ambiguity, and it also serves as a sort of shorthand etymology, since the meaning of the Hanja and the fact that the word is composed of Hanja often help to illustrate the word's origin.

As an example of how Hanja can help to clear up ambiguity, many homophones can be distinguished by using Hanja. An example is the word {{lang|ko|수도}} ({{Transliteration|ko|sudo}}), which may have meanings such as:<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://hanja.naver.com/search?query=수도 Naver Hanja Dictionary query of sudo]</ref>

# {{linktext|修道}}: spiritual discipline
# {{linktext|囚徒}}: prisoner
# {{linktext|水都}}: 'city of water' (e.g. [[Venice]] or [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]])
# {{linktext|水稻}}: [[paddy rice]]
# {{linktext|水道}}: drain, rivers, path of surface water
# {{linktext|隧道}}: [[tunnel]]
# {{linktext|首都}}: capital (city)
# {{linktext|手刀}}: hand knife

Hanja dictionaries for specialist usage – {{Transliteration|ko|Jajeon}} ({{Korean|hangul=자전|hanja=字典|labels=no}}) or {{Transliteration|ko|Okpyeon}} ({{Korean|hangul=옥편|hanja=玉篇|labels=no}}) – are organized by [[radical (Chinese character)|radical]] (the traditional Chinese method of classifying characters).

===Personal names===
[[Korean name|Korean personal names]], including all [[List of Korean surnames|Korean surnames]] and most [[List of Korean given names|Korean given names]], are based on Hanja and are generally written in it, although some exceptions exist.<ref name="BAS" /> On business cards, the use of Hanja is slowly fading away, with most older people displaying their names exclusively in Hanja while most of the younger generation using both Hangul and Hanja. Korean personal names usually consist of a one-character family name ({{Transliteration|ko|seong}}, {{Korean|hangul=성|hanja=姓|labels=no}}) followed by a two-character given name ({{Transliteration|ko|ireum}}, {{lang|ko|이름}}). There are a few two-character family names (e.g. {{Korean|hangul=남궁|hanja=南宮|labels=no}}, {{Transliteration|ko|Namgung}}), and the holders of such names—but not only them—tend to have one-syllable given names. Traditionally, the given name in turn consists of one character unique to the individual and one character shared by all people in a family of the same sex and generation (see [[Generation name]]).<ref name="BAS" />

During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese administration]] of Korea (1910–1945), Koreans [[Sōshi-kaimei|were forced to adopt Japanese-style names]], including [[kun'yomi|polysyllabic readings]] of the Hanja, but this practice was reversed by post-independence governments in Korea. Since the 1970s, some parents have given their children [[given names]] that are simply native Korean words. Popular ones include {{Transliteration|ko|Haneul}} ({{lang|ko|하늘}})—meaning 'sky'—and {{Transliteration|ko|Iseul}} ({{lang|ko|이슬}})—meaning 'morning dew'. Nevertheless, on official documents, people's names are still recorded in both Hangul and  Hanja.<ref name="BAS" />

===Toponymy===
Due to standardization efforts during [[Goryeo]] and [[Joseon]] eras, native Korean [[placenames]] were converted to Hanja, and most names used today are Hanja-based. The most notable exception is the name of the capital, [[Seoul]], a native Korean word meaning 'capital' with no direct Hanja conversion; the Hanja {{Transliteration|ko|gyeong}} ({{Korean|hangul=경|hanja=京|labels=no|lit='capital'}}) is sometimes used as a back-rendering. For example, disyllabic names of railway lines, freeways, and provinces are often formed by taking one character from each of the two locales' names; thus,
* The [[Gyeongbu]] ({{Korean|hangul=경부|hanja=京釜|labels=no}}) corridor connects Seoul (''{{Transliteration|ko|gyeong}}'', {{linktext|京}}) and [[Busan]] ({{Transliteration|ko|bu}}, {{linktext|釜}});
* The [[Gyeongin]] ({{Korean|hangul=경인|hanja=京仁|labels=no}}) corridor connects Seoul and [[Incheon]] ({{Transliteration|ko|in}}, {{linktext|仁}});
* The former [[Jeolla]] ({{Korean|hangul=전라|hanja=全羅|labels=no}}) Province took its name from the first characters in the city names [[Jeonju]] ({{Korean|hangul=전주|hanja=全州|labels=no}}) and [[Naju]] ({{Korean|hangul=나주|hanja=羅州|labels=no}}) (''Naju'' is originally ''Raju'', but the initial "r/l" sound in South Korean is simplified to "n").

Most atlases of Korea today are published in two versions: one in Hangul (sometimes with some English as well), and one in Hanja. Subway and railway station signs give the station's name in Hangul, Hanja, and English, both to assist visitors (including Chinese or Japanese who may rely on the Hanja spellings) and to disambiguate the name.

===Academia===
[[File:Joseon Wangjo Sillok and its case in museum.jpg|thumb|The [[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]], an annual record of the Joseon dynasty throughout its entire history, was written in [[Classical Chinese]].]]
Hanja are still required for certain disciplines in academia, such as [[Oriental Studies]] and other disciplines studying Chinese, Japanese or historic Korean literature and culture, since the vast majority of primary source text material are written in [[Hanzi]], [[Kanji]] or Hanja.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ggVsnUCbiAC&q=sino-korean+words&pg=PA83|title=Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage|last=Choo|first=Miho|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1139471398|pages=85–92}}</ref>

===Art and culture===
For the traditional creative arts such as [[calligraphy]] and [[painting]], a knowledge of Hanja is needed to write and understand the various scripts and inscriptions, as is the same in China and Japan. Many old songs and poems are written and based on Hanja characters.

On 9 September 2003, the celebration for the 55th anniversary of North Korea featured a float decorated with the scenario for welcoming [[Kim Il Sung]], which included a banner with Kim Il Sung's name written in Hanja.<ref>[http://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1TZ4y1W75R 2003年9月9日朝鲜阅兵] on [[Bilibili]]. Retrieved 18 Sep 2020.</ref>

===Popular usage===
{{See also|Korean mixed script}}
[[File:8239th AU leaflet 2508.png|thumb|right|This [[Korean War]] propaganda leaflet created by the US Army as part of [[Operation Moolah]] uses Hangul–Hanja [[Korean mixed script|mixed script]].]]
Opinion surveys in South Korea regarding the issue of Hanja use have had mixed responses in the past. Hanja terms are also expressed through Hangul, the standard script in the Korean language. Hanja use within general Korean literature has declined since the 1980s because formal Hanja education in South Korea does not begin until the seventh year of schooling, due to changes in government policy during the time.

In 1956, one study found mixed-script Korean text (in which [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]] nouns are written using Hanja, and other words using Hangul) were read faster than texts written purely in Hangul; however, by 1977, the situation had reversed.<ref>Taylor and Taylor 1983: 90</ref> In 1988, 65% of one sample of people without a college education "evinced no reading comprehension of any but the most common hanja" when reading mixed-script passages.<ref>Brown 1990: 119</ref>
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