Editing Gujarat (section)

=== European colonialism, 1614–1947 ===
[[File:Portuguese possessions in the Province of North.jpg|thumb|Territory ceded by the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]] to Portugal in 1534 according to the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]].]]

In the 1600s, the Dutch, French, English and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] all established bases along the western coast of the region. Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, and after the [[Battle of Diu]], acquired several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including [[Daman and Diu]] as well as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. These enclaves were administered by [[Portuguese India]] under a single union territory for over 450 years, only to be later incorporated into the [[Republic of India]] on 19 December 1961 by military conquest.

The [[British East India Company]] established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Surat]] in 1614 following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim [[Jahangir]], which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by [[Mumbai|Bombay]] after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[King John IV of Portugal]]. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] in India was in Gujarat.<ref name="wingsbirds.com">[http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ WINGS Birding Tours to India: the West – Gujarat and the Rann of Kutch – Itinerary] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730052857/http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ |date=30 July 2013 }}. Wingsbirds.com (14 December 2011). Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

17th-century French explorer [[François Pyrard de Laval]], who is remembered for his 10-year sojourn in South Asia, bears witness in his account that the Gujaratis were always prepared to learn workmanship from the Portuguese, and in turn imparted skills to the Portuguese:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31 |title=The South Asian diaspora transnational networks and changing identities |last2=Reeves, Peter |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-89235-0 |location=London |page=31 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| I have never seen men of wit so fine and polished as are these Indians: they have nothing barbarous or savage about them, as we are apt to suppose. They are unwilling indeed to adopt the manners and customs of the ''Portuguese''; yet do they regularly learn their manufactures and workmanship, being all very curious and desirous of learning. In fact, the ''Portuguese'' take and learn more from them than they from the ''Portuguese''.}}

Later in the 17th century, Gujarat came under control of the Hindu [[Maratha Empire]] that arose, defeating the Muslim Mughals who had dominated the politics of India. Most notably, from 1705 to 1716, [[Senapati]] [[Khanderao Dabhade]] led the Maratha Empire forces in Baroda. [[Pilaji Gaekwad]], first ruler of [[Gaekwad dynasty]], established the control over Baroda and other parts of Gujarat.

The [[British East India Company]] wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1802–1803. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwad Maharajas of Baroda ([[Vadodara]]), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule.

An epidemic in 1812 killed half the population of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Eskild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide |last2=Chen |first2=Lin Hwei |last3=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor |first3=Patricia |date=14 February 2017 |isbn=9781119085737 |page=8 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903073809/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the [[Bombay Presidency]], with the exception of [[Baroda State]], which had a direct relationship with the [[Governor-General of India]]. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including [[Kathiawar]], Kutch and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of [[princely states]], but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]], Broach ([[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]), Kaira ([[Kheda district|Kheda]]), [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] and [[Surat district|Surat]], were governed directly by British officials. In 1819, [[Swaminarayan|Sahajanand Swami]] established the first [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad|Swaminarayan Mandir]] in [[Kalupur]], [[Ahmedabad]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Baroda-gujarat.png|Princely states of Gujarat in 1924
File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion
File:Gandhi at Dandi 5 April 1930.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] picking salt at [[Dandi Beach|Dandi beach]], [[South Gujarat]], ending the [[Salt satyagraha]] on 5 April 1930
File:Shree Swaminarayan Sampraday, Ahmedabad.jpg|Foundational Swaminarayan Mandir, est. 1819
</gallery>