Editing Guar (section)

===Guar gum===
{{Main|Guar gum}}
The seeds of the guar bean contain a large endosperm. This endosperm consists of a large polysaccharide of galactose and mannose. This polymer is water-soluble and exhibits a viscosifying effect in water. Guar gum has a multitude of different applications in food products, industrial products, and [[extractivism|extractive industry]].

====Food====
In several food and beverages guar gum is used as additive to change its viscosity or as fiber source.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Food !! Function
|-
| Baked goods || Dough improver <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kohajdova | first1 = Z. | last2 = Karovicova | first2 = J. | year = 2008 | title = Influence hof hydrocooloids on quaality of baked goods | journal = ACTA Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria | volume = 7 | pages = 42–49 }}</ref>
|-
| Cheese || Texture improver <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Klis | first1 = J.B | year = 1966 | title = Woody's Chunk O'Gold cold-pack chees food weeps no more | journal = Food Processing Marketing | volume = 27 | pages = 58–59 }}</ref>
|-
| Ice Cream || Smaller ice crystals <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sutton | first1 = R.L. | last2 = Wilcox | first2 = J. | year = 1998 | title = Recrystallization in ice cream as affected by stabilizers | journal = Journal of Food Science | volume = 63 | pages = 104–107 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15686.x}}</ref>
|-
| Fried Products|| Oil uptake reduction <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sakhale | first1 = B.K. Badgujar J.B. | last2 = Pawar | first2 = V.D. | last3 = Sananse | first3 = S.L. | year = 2011 | title = Effect of hydrocolloids incorporation in casing of Samosa on reduction of oil uptake | journal = Journal of Food Science | volume =  51| issue = 3 | pages =  409–18| doi = 10.1007/s13197-011-0522-x | pmid=24587515 | pmc=3931889}}</ref>
|}

'''Partially hydrolyzed guar gum''' (PHGG) is produced by the partial enzymatic [[hydrolysis]] of guaran, the [[galactomannan]] of the endosperm of guar seeds ([[guar gum]]). It is a neutral [[polysaccharide]] consisting of a [[mannose]] backbone chain with single [[galactose]] side units occurring on almost two out of every three mannose units. The average [[molecular weight]] is about 25,000 [[Dalton (unit)|daltons]]. This gives a PHGG that still assays and functions as a soluble dietary fiber.

PHGG as sold commercially is completely soluble, acid and heat stable, unaffected by ions, and will not gel at high concentrations. Commercial PHGG is approximately 75% dietary fiber and has minimal effect on taste and texture in food and beverage items. PHGG is fully fermentable in the large bowel, with a high rate of volatile fatty acid formation. The pH of the feces is lowered along with an increase in fecal bulk that mainly consists of bacterial cell mass and water. Clinical studies have demonstrated a [[prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotic]] effect of PHGG. Studies have shown that PHGG can be used to maintain regularity. PHGG is used in foods for particulate suspension, emulsification, anti[[staling]], ice crystal control, and reduced fat baked goods.
[[File:Gawar Phali With Aaloo (Guar Bean With Potatoes).JPG|thumb|250px|Gawar phali with aaloo (guar bean with potatoes) (India)]]
[[File:Guar Chibhad ji bhaaji.jpg|alt=Guar Chibhad ji bhaaji is a popular Thari dish|thumb|333x333px|'''''Guar chibhad ji [[Curry|bhaaji]]''''' is a popular [[Tharparkar|Thari]] dish]]

====Industry====
Derivatives of guar gum that have been further reacted are used in industrial applications, such as the paper and textile industries, ore flotation, the manufacture of explosives and [[hydraulic fracturing]] (fracking) of oil and gas formations.<ref name=NYT71612/><ref name=NYTimes>{{cite news |title=In Tiny Bean, India's Dirt-Poor Farmers Strike Gas-Drilling Gold (Published 2012) |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072503/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/world/asia/fracking-in-us-lifts-guar-farmers-in-india.html?smid=go-share |archive-date=2019-01-07 |url-status=live |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/world/asia/fracking-in-us-lifts-guar-farmers-in-india.html?smid=go-share}}</ref> Guar gum is often crosslinked with boron or chromium ions to make it more stable and heat-resistant. The crosslinking of guar with metal ions results in a gel that does not block the formation and helps efficiently in formation cleaning process. Guar and its derivatives make gel complexes with ions of aluminium, zirconium, titanium, chromium and boron.<ref name="Guar derivatives in Fracturing Fluids">{{cite web |url=http://www.chemtotal.com/guar-gum-derivatives-as-fracturing-fluids.html |title=Guar gum derivatives |publisher=Chemtotal |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225174108/http://www.chemtotal.com/guar-gum-derivatives-as-fracturing-fluids.html |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  The borate&ndash;guar reaction is reversible, and depends on the pH (hydrogen ion concentration) of the solution. This reaction is used to give the toy [[Slime (toy)|"slime"]] its consistency. Crosslinking of guar with borate occurs at high pH (approximately 9&ndash;10) of the solution. Guar gum has proven as useful substitute for [[locust bean gum]] (made from [[carob]] seeds).

====Feeds====
Guar meal korma and guar meal churi are widely used as raw material for producing various kinds of cattle feeds, aqua feeds, fish feeds, poultry feeds, dairy feeds, swine feeds, etc.

====Fracking agent====
The use of guar gum in the [[hydraulic fracturing]] (fracking) extraction of oil and shale gas has increased demand substantially. Only 10% of Indian production is used domestically. The remaining 90% is exported for shale gas and oil industries. Consequently, many former cotton or wheat fields are converted into guar fields as production costs are lower. The increase of guar gum prices also has other reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/guar-mine |title=Guar mine |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |access-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-date=December 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210181140/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/guar-mine |url-status=dead }}</ref>  <!--But since prices are lower the farmers stop harvesting the Guar and returned to cotton & cumin and sesame crops sowing.  <<  ??  -->