Editing Golden Rule (section)

==Religious context==
[[File:The Golden Rule in multiple religions.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|The golden rule, as described in several world religions]]
According to [[Simon Blackburn]], the Golden Rule "can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition".<ref>{{cite book |title= Ethics: A Very Short Introduction|last= Blackburn|first= Simon|author-link=Simon Blackburn|year= 2001|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-280442-6|page= 101}}</ref> A multi-faith poster showing the Golden Rule in sacred writings from 13 faith traditions (designed by Paul McKenna of Scarboro Missions, 2000) has been on permanent display at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations]] since 4 January 2002.<ref name="poster1">{{cite news |last1=Mezei |first1=Leslie |title=The Golden Rule Poster - A History: Multi-faith Sacred Writings and Symbols from 13 Traditions |url=https://www.scarboromissions.ca/golden-rule/the-golden-rule-poster-a-history |access-date=21 February 2022 |publisher=Spiritan Missionary News / Scarboro Missions |date=May 2002 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611203800/https://www.scarboromissions.ca/golden-rule/the-golden-rule-poster-a-history |url-status=live }}</ref> Creating the poster "took five years of research that included consultations with experts in each of the 13 faith groups."<ref name="poster1" /> (See also [[#Global ethic|the section on Global Ethic.]])

===Abrahamic religions===
{{See also|Abrahamic religions}}

====Judaism====
{{See also|Judaism|Jewish ethics}}
A rule of reciprocal [[altruism]] was stated positively in a well-known Torah verse (Hebrew: {{Script/Hebrew|ואהבת לרעך כמוך}}):

{{blockquote|You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the {{LORD}}.|Leviticus 19:18<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse||Leviticus|19:18|JPS}}</ref>}}

According to [[John J. Collins]] of [[Yale Divinity School]], most modern scholars, with [[Richard Elliott Friedman]] as a prominent exception, view the command as applicable to fellow Israelites.<ref>{{cite web |last= Collins |first= John |author-link= John J. Collins |title= Love Your Neighbor: How It Became the Golden Rule |url= https://www.thetorah.com/article/love-your-neighbor-how-it-became-the-golden-rule |website= TheTorah.com |date= April 27, 2020}}</ref>

[[Rashi]] commented what constitutes revenge and grudge, using the example of two men. One man would not lend the other his ax, then the next day, the same man asks the other for his ax. If the second man should say, {{"'}}I will not lend it to you, just as you did not lend to me,' it constitutes revenge; if 'Here it is for you; I am not like you, who did not lend me,' it constitutes a grudge. Rashi concludes his commentary by quoting [[Rabbi Akiva]] on love of neighbor: 'This is a fundamental [all-inclusive] principle of the Torah.{{'"}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9920/showrashi/true/jewish/Chapter-19.htm#lt=primary |title=Chabad: Leviticus 19:18 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324060635/https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9920/showrashi/true/jewish/Chapter-19.htm#lt=primary |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Hillel the Elder]] ({{circa|110 BCE}} – 10 CE)<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=730&letter=H "Hillel"]. ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017170233/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=730&letter=H |date=17 October 2011 }}. "His activity of forty years is perhaps historical; and since it began, according to a trustworthy tradition (Shab. 15a), one hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem, it must have covered the period 30 BCE – 10 CE."</ref> used this verse as a most important message of the [[Torah]] for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. Hillel accepted him as a candidate for [[conversion to Judaism]] but, drawing on Leviticus 19:18, briefed the man:
{{blockquote|What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn.|[[Babylonian Talmud]]<ref>{{sourcetext|source=Babylonian Talmud|book=Shabbath|chapter=folio|verse=31a}}</ref>}}

Hillel recognized brotherly love as the fundamental principle of Jewish ethics. [[Rabbi Akiva]] agreed, while [[Simeon ben Azzai]] suggested that the principle of love must have its foundation in Genesis chapter 1, which teaches that all men are the offspring of Adam, who was made in the image of God.<ref>([[Sifra]], Ḳedoshim, iv.; Yer. Ned. ix. 41c; [[Genesis Rabba]] 24</ref><ref name="a" /> According to [[Adam in rabbinic literature|Jewish rabbinic literature]], the first man [[Adam]] represents the ''unity of mankind''. This is echoed in the modern preamble of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights#Preamble|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sanhedrin.4?lang=en|title=Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 4.5|publisher=sefaria.org|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821043839/http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sanhedrin.4?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toseftaonline.org/Tractate-Sanhedrin-chapter-8-tosefta-4|title=Tosefta on Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 8.4–9 (Erfurt Manuscript)|publisher=toseftaonline.org|date=2012-08-21|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817092522/http://www.toseftaonline.org/tractate-Sanhedrin-chapter-8-tosefta-4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also taught that [[Adam]] is last in order according to the evolutionary character of God's creation:<ref name="a">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=758&letter=A&search=adam#1 |title=ADAM |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606164249/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=758&letter=A&search=adam#1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{quote|Why was only a single specimen of man created first? To teach us that he who destroys a single soul destroys a whole world and that he who saves a single soul saves a whole world; furthermore, so no race or class may claim a nobler ancestry, saying, "Our father was born first"; and, finally, to give testimony to the greatness of the Lord, who caused the wonderful diversity of mankind to emanate from one type. And why was Adam created last of all beings? To teach him humility; for if he be overbearing, let him remember that the little fly preceded him in the order of creation.<ref name="a" />}}

The Jewish Publication Society's edition of [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] states:

{{quote|Thou shalt not hate thy brother, in thy heart; thou shalt surely rebuke thy neighbour, and not bear sin because of him. Thou shalt not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the {{LORD}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Torah|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|page=19:17|chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/jps/lev019.htm|chapter=Leviticus|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007203032/http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/jps/lev019.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

This Torah verse represents one of several versions of the ''Golden Rule'', which itself appears in various forms, positive and negative. It is the earliest written version of that concept in a positive form.<ref name="Plaut p. 892">[[Gunther Plaut|Plaut]], ''The Torah&nbsp;– A Modern Commentary''; Union of American Hebrew Congregations, New York 1981; p. 892.</ref>

At the turn of the era, the Jewish rabbis were discussing the scope of the meaning of Leviticus 19:18 and 19:34 extensively:

{{blockquote|The [[Ger toshav|stranger who resides with you]] shall be to you as one of your citizens; you shall love him as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I the {{LORD}} am your God.|Leviticus 19:34<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse||Leviticus|19:34|JPS}}</ref>}}

Commentators interpret that this applies to foreigners (e.g. [[Samaritans]]), proselytes ('strangers who reside with you')<ref>Rabbi Akiva, bQuid 75b</ref> and Jews.<ref>Rabbi Gamaliel, yKet 3, 1; 27a</ref>

On the verse, "Love your fellow as yourself", the classic commentator [[Rashi]] quotes from [[Torat Kohanim]], an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva: "Love your fellow as yourself&nbsp;– Rabbi Akiva says this is a great principle of the Torah."<ref>Kedoshim 19:18, Toras Kohanim, ibid. See also [[Talmud Yerushalmi]], Nedarim 9:4; Bereishis Rabbah 24:7.</ref>

In 1935, Rabbi [[Eliezer Berkovits]] explained in his work "What is the Talmud?" that Leviticus 19:34 disallowed [[xenophobia]] by Jews.<ref>Eliezer Berkovits (1935). ''What is the Talmud''. VIII What is not written in the Talmud? Jew and Gentile, 4 Xenophobia?, 3</ref>

[[Postage stamps and postal history of Israel|Israel's postal service]] quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] on a 1958 [[postage stamp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marbl.library.emory.edu/DigitalExhibits/stamps/015.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407164111/http://marbl.library.emory.edu/DigitalExhibits/stamps/015.html |archive-date=7 April 2008 |title=Sol Singer Collection of Philatelic Judaica |publisher= [[Emory University]]}}</ref>

====Christianity====
{{See also|Christian ethics|Great Commandment}}
[[File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg|thumb|right|''The Sermon on the Mount'' by [[Carl Bloch]] (1877) portrays [[Jesus]] teaching during the [[Sermon on the Mount]]]]

===== New Testament =====
The Golden Rule was proclaimed by [[Jesus of Nazareth]]<ref>{{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=7|verse=12}}; see also {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke|chapter=6|verse=31}}</ref> during his [[Sermon on the Mount]] and described by him as the second great commandment. The common English phrasing is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you". Various applications of the Golden Rule are stated positively numerous times in the [[Old Testament]]: "You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Leviticus 19 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2019&version=NRSVUE |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614052556/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2019&version=NRSVUE |url-status=live }}</ref> Or, in Leviticus 19:34: "The alien who resides with you shall be to you as the native-born among you; you shall love the alien as yourself, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God."<ref name=":0" /> These two examples are given in the [[Septuagint]] as follows: "And thy hand shall not avenge thee; and thou shalt not be angry with the children of thy people; and thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself; I am the Lord." and "The stranger that comes to you shall be among you as the native, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brenton Septuagint Translation Leviticus 19 |url=https://ebible.org/eng-Brenton/LEV19.htm |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ebible.org |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428052253/http://ebible.org/eng-Brenton/LEV19.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Two passages in the [[New Testament]] quote [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]] espousing the positive form of the Golden rule:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 7 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%207&version=NRSVUE |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"In everything do to others as you would have them do to you, for this is the Law and the Prophets."|[[Matthew 7:12]]|title=[[New Revised Standard Version]], Updated Edition (NRSVUE)}}
{{blockquote|Do to others as you would have them do to you.|Luke 6:31|title=[[New Revised Standard Version]], Updated Edition (NRSVUE)}}

A similar passage, a parallel to the [[Great Commandment]], is to be found later in the [[Gospel of Luke]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Luke 10 – New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2010&version=NRSVUE |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220101142/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2010&version=NRSVUE |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|
An expert in the law stood up to test him [Jesus]. "Teacher," he said, "what must I do to inherit eternal life?"

He said to him, "What is written in the law? What do you read there?"

He answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself."

And he said to him, "You have given the right answer; do this, and you will live."|source=Luke 10:25–28, [[New Revised Standard Version]], Updated Edition (NRSVUE)}}

The passage in the book of Luke then continues with Jesus answering the question, "Who is my neighbor?", by telling the parable of the [[Good Samaritan]], which John Wesley interprets as meaning that "your neighbor" is anyone in need.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christnotes.org/commentary.php?b=42&c=10&com=wes |title=John Wesley's Explanatory Notes on Luke 10 |publisher=Christnotes.org |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527094026/http://www.christnotes.org/commentary.php?com=wes&b=42&c=10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jesus' teaching goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves, to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that, if the situations were reversed, one would desire that the other would do for them. This formulation, as indicated in the parable of the Good Samaritan, emphasizes the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another, not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another.<ref>Moore, ''Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1927–1930; Vol. 2, p. 87, Vol. 3, p. 180.</ref>

In one passage of the [[New Testament]], [[Paul the Apostle]] refers to the golden rule, restating Jesus' second commandment:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galatians 5 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%205&version=NRSVUE |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304052235/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%205&version=NRSVUE |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|For the whole law is summed up in a single commandment, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."|Galatians 5:14|title=[[New Revised Standard Version]], Updated Edition (NRSVUE)}}

St. Paul also comments on the golden rule in the [[Epistle to the Romans]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Romans 13 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2013&version=NRSVUE |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326022119/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2013&version=NRSVUE |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|
Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves another has fulfilled the law.

The commandments, "You shall not commit adultery; you shall not murder; you shall not steal; you shall not covet," and any other commandment, are summed up in this word, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."|author=Romans 13:8–9|title=[[New Revised Standard Version]], Updated Edition (NRSVUE)}}

===== Deuterocanon =====
The [[Old Testament]] [[Deuterocanonical]] books of [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] and [[Sirach]], accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], and the [[Non-Chalcedonian Christianity|non-Chalcedonian]] churches, express a negative form of the golden rule:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tobit 4 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Tobit%204&version=NRSVUE |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Sirach 31 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sirach%2031&version=NRSVUE |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122618/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sirach%2031&version=NRSVUE |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|And what you hate, do not do to anyone. May no evil go with you on any of your way. |Tobit 4:15|title=[[New Revised Standard Version]], Updated Edition (NRSVUE)}}
{{blockquote|Judge your neighbor’s feelings by your own, and in every matter be thoughtful.|Sirach 31:15|title=[[New Revised Standard Version]], Updated Edition (NRSVUE)}}

===== Church Fathers =====
As prolific commentators on the Bible, multiple [[Church Fathers]], including the [[Apostolic Fathers]], wrote on the Golden Rule found in both Old and New Testaments.<ref>Johannes Aakjær Steenbuch (2019). "The Problem of the Negative Version of the Golden Rule in Early Christian Ethics".</ref>{{fcn|reason=What kind of source is this?? Make it identifiable and [[WP:V|verifiable]]|date=November 2024}} The early Christian treatise the [[Didache]] included the Golden Rule in saying "in everything, do not do to another what you would not want done to you."<ref>Didache 1.2, in: ''Bart D. Ehrman'', The Apostolic Fathers: Volume I. I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache. Barnabas, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003</ref>

[[Clement of Alexandria]], commenting on the Golden Rule in Luke 6:31, calls the concept "all embracing" for how one acts in life.<ref>Clement of Alexandria, ''Paedagogus'' 3.12.88.1</ref> Clement further pointed to the phrasing in the book of Tobit as part of the ethics between husbands and wives. [[Tertullian]] stated that the rule taught "love, respect, consolation, protection, and benefits".<ref>Tertullian, ''Adversus Marcionem'' 4.16</ref>

While many Church Fathers framed the Golden Rule as part of Jewish and Christian Ethics, [[Theophilus of Antioch]] stated that it had universal application for all of humanity.<ref>Theophilus, ''Ad Autolycum'' 2.34</ref> [[Origen]] connected the Golden Rule with the law written on the hearts of Gentiles mentioned by Paul in his letter to the Romans, and had universal application to Christian and non-Christian alike.<ref>Origen, ''Commentaria in Epistolam B. Pauli ad Romanos'' 2.9.9</ref>

[[Basil of Caesarea]] commented that the negative form of the Golden Rule was for avoiding evil while the positive form was for doing good.<ref>Basil of Caesarea, ''In Hexaemeron'' 9.3</ref>

====Islam====
{{See also|Islamic ethics}}
The Arabian peninsula was said to not practice the golden rule prior to the advent of Islam. According to [[Th. Emil Homerin]]: "Pre-Islamic Arabs regarded the survival of the tribe, as most essential and to be ensured by the ancient rite of blood vengeance."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Th. Emil Homerin|editor1-last=Neusner|editor1-first=Jacob|title=The Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions|date=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 99]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|isbn=978-1-4411-9012-3|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122548/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Homerin goes on to say:

{{blockquote|Similar examples of the golden rule are found in the hadiths. The [[hadith]] recount what the prophet is claimed to have said and done, and generally Muslims regard the hadith as second to only the Qur'an as a guide to correct belief and action.<ref name="Bloomsbury Publishing">{{cite book|author1=Th. Emil Homerin|editor1-last=Neusner|editor1-first=Jacob|title=The Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions|date=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 p. 102]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|isbn=978-1-4411-9012-3|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122548/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

From the [[hadith]]:
{{blockquote|A Bedouin came to the prophet, grabbed the stirrup of his camel and said: O the messenger of God! Teach me something to go to heaven with it. Prophet said: "As you would have people do to you, do to them; and what you dislike to be done to you, don't do to them. Now let the stirrup go! [This maxim is enough for you; go and act in accordance with it!]"|[[Kitab al-Kafi]], Volume 2, Book 1, Chapter 66:10<ref>{{cite book |title=Kitab al-Kafi |url=https://thaqalayn.net/hadith/2/1/66/10 |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125194206/https://thaqalayn.net/hadith/2/1/66/10 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself.|An-Nawawi's Forty Hadith 13 (p. 56)<ref>Wattles (191), Rost (100)</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Seek for mankind that of which you are desirous for yourself, that you may be a believer.|Sukhanan-i-Muhammad (Teheran, 1938)<ref name="SiM & W & R & D">"Sukhanan-i-Muhammad" [Conversations of Muhammad], Wattles (192); Rost (100); Donaldson Dwight M. (1963). ''Studies in Muslim Ethics'', p. 82. London: S.P.C.K.</ref>}}

{{blockquote|That which you want for yourself, seek for mankind.<ref name="SiM & W & R & D" />}}

{{blockquote|The most righteous person is the one who consents for other people what he consents for himself, and who dislikes for them what he dislikes for himself.<ref name="SiM & W & R & D" />}}

[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] (4th [[Caliph]] in [[Sunni]] Islam, and first [[Imam]] in [[Shia]] Islam) says:
{{blockquote|O my child, make yourself the measure (for dealings) between you and others. Thus, you should desire for others what you desire for yourself and hate for others what you hate for yourself. Do not oppress as you do not like to be oppressed. Do good to others as you would like good to be done to you. Regard bad for yourself whatever you regard bad for others. Accept that (treatment) from others which you would like others to accept from you&nbsp;... Do not say to others what you do not like to be said to you.|[[Nahjul Balaghah]], Letter 31<ref>Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn Sharīf al-Raḍī and ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (eds.), ''Nahj Al-balāghah: Selection from Sermons, Letters and Sayings of Amir Al-Muʼminin'', Volume 2. Translated by Syed Ali Raza. Ansariyan. {{ISBN|978-9644383816}} p. 350</ref>}} Muslim scholar [[Al-Qurtubi]] looked at the Golden Rule of loving one's neighbor and treating them as one wishes to be treated as having universal application to believers and unbelievers alike.<ref>Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Qurṭubī, ''Jamiʻ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʼan'' (al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Kutūb alMiṣrīyah, 1964), 5:184</ref> Relying upon a Hadith, exegist [[Ibn Kathir]] listed those "who judge people the way they judge themselves" as people who will be among the first to be [[Islamic eschatology|Resurrected]].<ref>Ismā’īl ibn ’Umar ibn Kathīr, ''Tafsīr al-Qurān al-‘Aẓīm'' (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 1998), 8:6</ref>

[[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali bin Awn al-Hashemi]] ([[Sharifian Caliphate|102nd Caliph]] in [[Sunni Islam]]), repeated the Golden Rule in the context of the [[Armenian genocide]], thus, in 1917, he states:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avetisyan |first=Vigen |date=2019-04-03 |title=The Unique Document of the Emir of Mecca from 1917: 'Help the Armenians How You Would Help Your Brothers' |url=https://allinnet.info/world/the-unique-document-of-the-emir-of-mecca/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Art-A-Tsolum |language=en-US |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000013/https://allinnet.info/world/the-unique-document-of-the-emir-of-mecca/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{blockquote|Winter is ahead of us. Refugees from the Armenian Jacobite Community will probably need warmth. Help them how you would help your brothers. Pray for these people who have been expelled from their homes and left homeless and devoid of livestock and all their property.}}

====Mandaeism====
{{See also|Mandaeism|Commandments in the Ginza Rabba}}
In [[Mandaeism|Mandaean]] [[List of Mandaic manuscripts|scriptures]], the [[Ginza Rabba]] and [[Mandaean Book of John]] contain a prohibitive form of the Golden Rule that is virtually identical to the one used by Hillel.

{{verse translation|lang2=en|2=O you believers and perfect ones! All that is hateful to you – do not do it to your neighbours.|attr1=[[Mandaic language|Mandaic]] transliteration|lang1=myz-Latn|1=ia mhaimnia u-šalmania kul ḏ-īlauaikun snia b-habraikun la-tibdun|attr2=[[Right Ginza]] Book 1, section 150, p. 32 (Gelbert 2011)<ref name="GR Gelbert">{{cite book |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |editor-last1=Lofts |editor-first1=Mark J. |title=Ginza Rba |year=2011 |publisher=Living Water Books |location=Sydney |isbn=9780958034630}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|O you perfect and faithful ones! Everything that is hateful and detestable to you – do not do it to your neighbours. Everything that seems good to you – do it if you are capable of doing it, and support each other.|[[Right Ginza]] Book 2, section 65, p. 51 (Gelbert 2011)<ref name="GR Gelbert"/>}}

{{blockquote|My sons! Everything that is hateful to you, do not do it to thy comrade, for in the world to which you are going, there is a judgment and a great summing up.|[[Mandaean Book of John]] Chapter 47, section 13, pp. 117–8 (Gelbert 2017)<ref name="Gelbert 2017">{{cite book|last1=Gelbert|first1=Carlos|url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/john-the-baptist/|title=The Teachings of the Mandaean John the Baptist|isbn=9780958034678|location=Fairfield, NSW, Australia|publisher=Living Water Books|year=2017|oclc=1000148487}}</ref>}}

====Baháʼí Faith====
{{See also|Baháʼí teachings}}
The [[Baháʼí literature|writings]] of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] encourage everyone to treat others as they would treat themselves and even prefer others over oneself:

{{blockquote|O SON OF MAN! Deny not My servant should he ask anything from thee, for his face is My face; be then abashed before Me.|[[Bahá'u'lláh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/HW/hw-31.html |title=Baháʼí Reference Library – The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 11 |publisher=Reference.bahai.org |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015175936/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/HW/hw-31.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Blessed is he who preferreth his brother before himself.|Bahá'u'lláh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bahainyc.org/presentations/goldenrule/golden-rule10.html |title=The Golden Rule Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Replay.waybackmachine.org |date=11 April 2009 |access-date=12 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411012403/http://www.bahainyc.org/presentations/goldenrule/golden-rule10.html |archive-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 71</ref>}}

{{blockquote|And if thine eyes be turned towards justice, choose thou for thy neighbour that which thou choosest for thyself.|Bahá'u'lláh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://info.bahai.org/article-1-3-2-9.html |title=The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh – Part II |publisher=Info.bahai.org |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913051405/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-3-2-9.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 30</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Ascribe not to any soul that which thou wouldst not have ascribed to thee, and say not that which thou doest not.|Bahá'u'lláh<ref>[https://archive.today/20090327104931/http://www.cambridgebahais.org/node/97 Words of Wisdom] ''See: The Golden Rule''</ref><ref>Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings, LXVI:8</ref><ref>Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 10</ref>}}

===Indian religions===
{{See also|Indian religions}}

====Hinduism====
{{See also|Hinduism}}
{{blockquote|One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one's own self. This, in brief, is the rule of dharma. Other behavior is due to selfish desires.|[[Brihaspati]]|[[Mahabharata]] 13.113.8 (Critical edition)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_13b078.php |title=Mahabharata Book 13 |publisher=Mahabharataonline.com |date=13 November 2006 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103181713/http://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_13b078.php |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|By making ''[[dharma]]'' your main focus, treat others as you treat yourself<ref><nowiki>tasmād dharma-pradhānéna bhavitavyam yatātmanā | tathā cha sarva-bhūtéṣhu vartitavyam yathātmani ||</nowiki><br><br />तस्माद्धर्मप्रधानेन भवितव्यं यतात्मना। तथा च सर्वभूतेषु वर्तितव्यं यथात्मनि॥|title = Mahābhārata Shānti-Parva 167:9)</ref>}}

Also,
{{blockquote|<poem>श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चाप्यवधार्यताम्।
आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्।।</poem>
If the entire [[Dharma]] can be said in a few words, then it is—that which is unfavorable to us, do not do that to others.|[[Padma Purana|Padmapuraana]], shrushti 19/357–358{{failed verification|date=June 2021}}}}

====Buddhism====
{{See also|Buddhism|Buddhist ethics}}
[[Buddha]] (Siddhartha Gautama, {{circa|623}}–543 BCE)<ref>{{cite book|title="Gautama Buddha (B.C. 623-543)" by T.W. Rhys-Davids, The World's Great Events, B.C. 4004–A.D. 70 (1908)|first=Esther|last=Singleton|pages=124–135}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.booksie.com/religion_and_spirituality/article/myoma_myint_kywe/the-buddha-%28bc-623bc-543%29 |title=The Buddha (BC 623–BC 543) – Religion and spirituality Article – Buddha, BC, 623 |publisher=Booksie |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005174836/http://www.booksie.com/religion_and_spirituality/article/myoma_myint_kywe/the-buddha-%28bc-623bc-543%29 |url-status=live }}</ref> made the negative formulation of the golden rule one of the cornerstones of his ethics in the 6th century BCE. It occurs in many places and in many forms throughout the [[Tripitaka]].

{{blockquote|Comparing oneself to others in such terms as "Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I," he should neither kill nor cause others to kill. |[[Sutta Nipata]] 705}}

{{blockquote|One who, while himself seeking happiness, oppresses with violence other beings who also desire happiness, will not attain happiness hereafter.|[[Dhammapada]] 10. Violence}}

{{blockquote|Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful.|[[Udanavarga]] 5:18}}

{{blockquote|Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill.<ref>[http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/H/Harris/detachmentHarris.html Detachment and Compassion in Early Buddhism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221095204/http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/H/Harris/detachmentHarris.html |date=21 December 2007 }} by Elizabeth J. Harris (enabling.org)</ref>}}

====Jainism====
{{See also|Jainism|Ahimsa in Jainism}}
The Golden Rule is paramount in the Jainist philosophy and can be seen in the doctrines of [[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]] and [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. As part of the prohibition of causing any living beings to suffer, Jainism forbids inflicting upon others what is harmful to oneself.

The following line from the [[Acaranga Sutra]] sums up the philosophy of Jainism:
{{Blockquote|Nothing which breathes, which exists, which lives, or which has essence or potential of life, should be destroyed or ruled over, or subjugated, or harmed, or denied of its essence or potential.

In support of this Truth, I ask you a question – "Is sorrow or pain desirable to you?" If you say "yes it is", it would be a lie. If you say, "No, It is not" you will be expressing the truth. Just as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you, so it is to all which breathe, exist, live or have any essence of life. To you and all, it is undesirable, and painful, and repugnant.<ref>{{cite book | last =Jacobi | first =Hermann | title =Ācāranga Sūtra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East | volume =22 | year =1884 | url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm | at =Sutra 155–156 | access-date =22 November 2007 | archive-date =7 July 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100707144941/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm | url-status =live }}</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|A man should wander about treating all creatures as he himself would be treated. | [[Sutrakritanga]] |''1.11.33''}}

{{Blockquote|In happiness and suffering, in joy and grief, we should regard all creatures as we regard our own self.|Lord Mahavira|24th Tirthankara}}

====Sikhism====
{{See also|Sikhism|Karma}}
{{blockquote|Precious like jewels are the minds of all. To hurt them is not at all good. If thou desirest thy Beloved, then hurt thou not anyone's heart.|Guru Arjan Dev Ji 259, Guru Granth Sahib}}

===Chinese religions===
{{See also|East Asian religions}}

====Confucianism====
{{Anchor|Silver Rule}}
{{See also|Confucianism}}
{{verse translation|lang=zh|italicsoff=y|己所不欲，勿施於人。
|What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others.}}

{{verse translation|lang=zh|italicsoff=y|子貢問曰：「有一言而可以終身行之者乎？」
子曰：「其恕乎！己所不欲，勿施於人。」
|Zi Gong [a disciple of Confucius] asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?" <br />The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"
|attr1=[[Confucius]], ''[[Analects]]'' XV.24|attr2=tr. David Hinton (another translation is in the online [[Chinese Text Project]])<ref>{{cite book |url=http://ctext.org/analects/wei-ling-gong |title=Confucianism, The Analects, Section 15: Wei Ling Gong, (see number 24) |author=Chinese Text Project |publisher=[[Chinese Text Project]] |access-date=29 December 2011 |author-link=Chinese Text Project |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509154230/http://ctext.org/analects/wei-ling-gong |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The same idea is also presented in V.12 and VI.30 of the ''[[Analects]]'' ({{circa|500 BCE}}), which can be found in the online [[Chinese Text Project]]. The phraseology differs from the Christian version of the Golden Rule. It does not presume to do anything unto others, but merely to avoid doing what would be harmful. It does not preclude doing good deeds and taking moral positions.

In relation to the Golden Rule, Confucian philosopher [[Mencius]] said "If one acts with a vigorous effort at the law of reciprocity, when he seeks for the realization of perfect virtue, nothing can be closer than his approximation to it."<ref>Plaks, A. H. (2015). [https://brill.com/view/journals/joch/1/2/article-p231_2.xml "Shining Ideal and Uncertain Reality: Commentaries on the 'Golden Rule' in Confucianism and Other Traditions"]. ''Journal of Chinese Humanities'', ''1''(2), 231–240. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730113852/https://brill.com/view/journals/joch/1/2/article-p231_2.xml |date=30 July 2024 }}</ref>

====Taoism====
{{See also|Taoism}}
{{blockquote|The sage has no interest of his own, but takes the interests of the people as his own. He is kind to the kind; he is also kind to the unkind: for Virtue is kind. He is faithful to the faithful; he is also faithful to the unfaithful: for Virtue is faithful.|''[[Tao Te Ching]]'', Chapter 49}}
{{blockquote|Regard your neighbor's gain as your own gain, and your neighbor's loss as your own loss.|[[Treatise On the Response of the Tao|T'ai Shang Kan Ying P'ien]]}}

====Mohism====
{{See also|Mohism}}
{{blockquote|If people regarded other people's states in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own state to attack that of another? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself. If people regarded other people's cities in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own city to attack that of another? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself. If people regarded other people's families in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own family to attack that of another? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself. And so if states and cities do not attack one another and families do not wreak havoc upon and steal from one another, would this be a harm to the world or a benefit? Of course one must say it is a benefit to the world.|[[Mozi]], {{circa|400 BCE}}<ref>Ivanhoe and Van Norden translation, 68–69</ref>}}

Mozi regarded the Golden Rule as a corollary to the cardinal virtue of impartiality, and encouraged [[egalitarianism]] and selflessness in relationships.

===Iranian religions===
{{See also|Iranian religions}}

====Zoroastrianism====
{{blockquote|Do not do unto others whatever is injurious to yourself.|Shayast-na-Shayast 13.29}}

===New religious movements===
====Wicca====
{{See also|Wicca}}
{{blockquote|Hear ye these words and heed them well, the words of Dea, thy [[Mother Goddess]], "I command thee thus, O children of the Earth, that that which ye deem harmful unto thyself, the very same shall ye be forbidden from doing unto another, for violence and hatred give rise to the same. My command is thus, that ye shall return all violence and hatred with peacefulness and love, for my Law is love unto all things. Only through love shall ye have peace; yea and verily, only peace and love will cure the world, and subdue all evil."|[[Book of Shadows|The Book of Ways]], Devotional Wicca}}

==== Scientology ====
{{See also|Scientology}}
{{blockquote|Try not to do things to others that you would not like them to do to you.<br>
Try to treat others as you would want them to treat you.|''[[The Way to Happiness]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gensler |first1=Harry J. |title=Ethics and the Golden Rule |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-57793-2 |pages=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ZfEsGiqHwC&pg=PA100 |language=en |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213406/https://books.google.com/books?id=40ZfEsGiqHwC&pg=PA100 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===Traditional African religions===
==== Yoruba ====
{{See also|Yoruba religion}}
{{blockquote|One who is going to take a pointed stick to pinch a baby bird should first try it on himself to feel how it hurts.|Yoruba Proverb}}

====Odinani====
{{See also|Odinani}}
{{verse translation|Egbe bere, ugo bere. |Let the eagle perch, let the hawk perch.|lang=ig|attr1=Igbo proverb{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}}}
{{verse translation|Nke si ibe ya ebene gosi ya ebe o ga-ebe. |Whoever says the other shall not perch, may they show the other where to perch.|lang=ig|attr1=Igbo proverb{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}}}