Editing Glorious Revolution (section)

==Invasion==
===Embarkation of the army and the Declaration of The Hague===
[[File:William III Landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|William III by [[Jan Wyck]], commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688]]

The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret. The English envoy [[Ignatius White]], the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: "an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament". Louis threatened an immediate declaration of war if William proceeded and sent James 300,000&nbsp;livres.{{Sfn|Western|1972|p=259}}

Embarkations, begun on 22 September ([[Gregorian calendar]]), had been completed on 8 October, and the expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest. On 30 September/10 October ([[Julian calendar|Julian]]/Gregorian calendars) William issued the ''Declaration of The Hague'' (actually written by Fagel), of which 60,000&nbsp;copies of the English translation by Gilbert Burnet were distributed after the landing in England,<ref>{{Harvnb|Jardine|2008|p=29}}; {{Harvnb|Williams|1960|pp=10–16}}.</ref> in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales. He would respect the position of James.{{Efn|William declared:

{{Blockquote|It is both certain and evident to all men, that the public peace and happiness of any state or kingdom cannot be preserved, where the Laws, Liberties, and Customs, established by the lawful authority in it, are openly transgressed and annulled; more especially where the alteration of Religion is endeavoured, and that a religion, which is contrary to law, is endeavoured to be introduced; upon which those who are most immediately concerned in it are indispensably bound to endeavour to preserve and maintain the established Laws, Liberties and customs, and, above all, the Religion and Worship of God, that is established among them; and to take such an effectual care, that the inhabitants of the said state or kingdom may neither be deprived of their Religion, nor of their Civil Rights.|[[William III of England|William III of Orange]]{{Sfn|Speck|1989|p=74}}}}}}

William went on to condemn James's advisers for overturning the religion, laws, and liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the use of the suspending and dispensing power; the establishment of the "manifestly illegal" commission for ecclesiastical causes and its use to suspend the [[Bishop of London]] and to remove the Fellows of [[Magdalen College, Oxford]]. William also condemned James's attempt to repeal the [[Test Act]]s and the penal laws through pressuring individuals and waging an assault on parliamentary boroughs, as well as his purging of the judiciary. James's attempt to pack Parliament was in danger of removing "the last and great remedy for all those evils".{{Sfn|Speck|1989|pp= 74–75}}

[[File:Het oorlogsschip Brielle op de Maas voor Rotterdam Rijksmuseum SK-A-2539.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|William boarding ''Den Briel'']]

"Therefore", William continued, "we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry over with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil Counsellors&nbsp;... this our Expedition is intended for no other design, but to have, a free and lawful Parliament assembled as soon as is possible".{{Sfn|Speck|1989|pp= 74–75}} On [[Old Style and New Style dates|4/14]] October, William responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or to conquer England, a claim which remains controversial.{{Sfn|Troost|2001|p=199}}

The swiftness of the embarkations surprised all foreign observers. Louis had in fact delayed his threats against the Dutch until early September because he assumed it then would be too late in the season to set the expedition in motion anyway, if their reaction proved negative; typically, such an enterprise would take at least some months.{{Sfn|Rodger|2004|p=137}} Being ready after the last week of September / first week of October would normally have meant that the Dutch could have profited from the last spell of good weather, as the autumn storms tend to begin in the third week of that month. However, this year they came early. For three weeks, the invasion fleet was prevented by adverse south-westerly gales from departing from the naval port of [[Hellevoetsluis]] and Catholics all over the Netherlands and the British kingdoms held prayer sessions that this "popish wind" might endure. However, on [[Old Style and New Style dates|14/24]]&nbsp;October, it became the famous "[[Protestant Wind]]" by turning to the east.{{Sfn|Jones|1973|pp=201–221}}

===Crossing and landing===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = 1688 Invasion of England
| image       = Formatie van de vloot waarmee Willem III naar Engeland is gevaren, 1688 Ordre soo als De Vloot van syn Koninglyke Hoogheyt den Heer Prins van Oranje na Engelant gezeilt is den 11 november MDCLXXXVIII (titel op object), RP-P-OB-70.103.jpg
| caption     = The sailing order of the Dutch fleet
| image_size  = 300px
| date        = November&nbsp;– December 1688
| place       = [[North Sea]], [[English Channel]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| combatant1  = {{Flag|Dutch Republic}}<br/>{{Flagicon image|Royal Standard of England (1689-1702) rev2.svg}} [[Williamite]]s
| combatant2  = {{Flagicon|Kingdom of England}} [[Kingdom of England|English Government]]
| commander1  = {{Flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[William III of Orange|William III]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg|Schomberg]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington|Torrington]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest|Evertsen]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Philips van Almonde|Almonde]]
| commander2  = {{Flagdeco|Kingdom of England}} [[James II of England|James II]]<br/>{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of England}} [[Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham|Feversham]]<br/>{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of England}} [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]] (defected)<br/>{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of England}} [[George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth|Dartmouth]]
| strength1   = '''Army strength'''<br/>16,000-21,000 men{{Sfn|Bosman|2016|p=208—217}}{{Sfn|Troost|2005|p=196}}<br/>'''Naval strength'''<br/>49 [[Man-of-war]]<br/>>400 smaller vessels
| strength2   = '''Army strength'''<br/>30,000 men{{Sfn|Childs|1980|pp=4}}<br/>'''Naval strength'''<br/>31 Man-of-war<br/>several smaller vessels{{Sfn|Powley|1928|p=61}}
| casualties1 = low
| casualties2 = low
}}

Although most of the warships were provided by the [[Admiralty of Amsterdam]], officially the States General treated the operation as a private affair, allowing William use of the [[Dutch States Navy]] and army.{{Sfn|Troost|2005|p=198}} The nominal commander was [[Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington|Arthur Herbert]], but operational control remained with [[Lieutenant-Admiral]] [[Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest]] and Vice-Admiral [[Philips van Almonde]].{{Sfn|Prud'homme van Reine|2009|p=288}} Accompanied by [[Willem Bastiaensz Schepers]], the Rotterdam shipping magnate who provided financing, William boarded the [[frigate]] ''Den Briel'' on [[Old Style and New Style dates|16/26]] October.{{Sfn|Jardine|2008|pp=10–11}}{{Sfn|Bander|2014|p=276}}

With over 400 ships of various types carrying 40,000 men, the expeditionary force was the largest fleet assembled in European waters up to that date.{{Sfn|Nolan|2008|p=177}}{{Efn|There were seventy-five vessels of the confederated Dutch navy. Forty-nine were warships of more than twenty cannon. Eight of these could count as third rates of 60–68 cannon. Additionally, there were nine frigates, twenty-eight [[galliot]]s, and nine [[fireships]]. Transports included seventy-six [[fluyt]]s for the soldiers, one hundred and twenty small transports with five thousand horses, and about seventy supply vessels. Also, sixty fishing vessels served as [[landing craft]].{{Sfn|Western|1972|p=260}}}} After departing on 19/29 October, the fleet was scattered by a gale, forcing the ''Brill'' back to [[Hellevoetsluis]] on 21/31 October. William refused to go ashore, and the fleet reassembled, having lost only one ship but nearly a thousand horses; press reports deliberately exaggerated the damage and claimed the expedition might be postponed until next spring.{{Sfn|Prud'homme van Reine|2009|pp=290–291}}

Dartmouth and his senior commanders considered taking advantage of this by blockading Hellevoetsluis, then decided against it, partly because the stormy weather made it dangerous but also because they could not rely on their men.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=203}} William replaced his losses and departed when the wind changed on 1/11 November, this time heading for [[Harwich]] where Bentinck had prepared a landing site. It has been suggested this was a feint to divert some of Dartmouth's ships north, which proved to be the case and when the wind shifted again, the Dutch armada sailed south into the [[Strait of Dover]].{{Sfn|Prud'homme van Reine|2009|pp=290–291}} In doing so, they twice passed the English fleet, which was unable to intercept because of the adverse winds and tides.{{Sfn|Rodger|2004|p=139}}

With the French fleet absent in the Mediterranean,{{Sfn|Rodger|2004|p=137}} on 3/13 November, the fleet entered the [[English Channel]] in a formation 25 ships deep. Intended to awe observers with its size and power, the troops were lined up on deck, firing musket volleys, colours flying and [[military band]]s playing. The same wind blowing the Dutch down the Channel trapped Dartmouth in the Thames estuary, leaving him unable to prevent William reaching Torbay on 5 November.{{Sfn|Miller|1978|p=199}}

[[File:Landing of William III at Torbay, 5 November 1688 RMG BHC0326.tiff|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The Dutch fleet at Torbay]]

Bad weather obliged Dartmouth to anchor in Portsmouth for two days, allowing William to complete his disembarkation undisturbed.{{Sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=137–139}} Most estimates suggest his force consisted of around 15,000 regular troops,{{Efn|Made up of 11,000 infantry, including nearly 5,000 members of the elite Anglo-Scots Brigade and [[Dutch Blue Guards]], 3,660 [[cavalry]] and an [[artillery train]] of twenty-one 24-pounder cannon.{{Sfn|Childs|1980|p=175}}{{Sfn|Sowerby|2013|pp=347–348}}}} plus up to 5,000 volunteers, mostly British exiles and French [[Huguenot]]s.{{Sfn|Israel|1995|p=849}}{{Efn|Their number is disputed, one recent historian pitting it at around 1,200. 600 British and 600 French.{{Sfn|Bosman|2016|p=208—217}}}} He also brought weapons to equip another 20,000 men, although the subsequent collapse of James's army meant most local volunteers were quickly sent home.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=283}}