Editing Geography of Canada (section)

==Climatology {{Anchor|Climate}}==
{{further|Temperature in Canada}}
[[File:Canada Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Köppen climate classification types of Canada]]

Climate varies widely from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a [[continental climate]], where daily average temperatures are near {{convert|-15|C|F|abbr=|lk=on}}, but can drop below {{convert|-40|°C|°F|abbr=on}} with severe [[wind chill]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics, Regina SK |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062344/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archive-date=January 5, 2009 |access-date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=[[The Weather Network]]}}</ref> In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from {{convert|25|to|30|C|F}}, with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding {{convert|40|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ccnRegina">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2013 |title=Regina International Airport |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3002&lang=e&StationName=Regina&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084648/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3002&lang=e&StationName=Regina&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref>

Much of [[Northern Canada]] is covered by ice and [[permafrost]]; however, the future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of [[climate change in Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bush, E |last2=Lemmen, D.S. |year=2019 |title=Canada's Changing Climate Report |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422235552/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-22 |url-status=live |publisher=Government of Canada |page=84}}</ref> Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by {{convert|1.7|C-change}}, with changes ranging from {{convert|1.1|to|2.3|C-change}} in various regions, since 1948.<ref name="ClimateReport" /> The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.<ref name="ClimateReport">{{Cite web |author1=Zhang, X. |author2=Flato, G. |author3=Kirchmeier-Young, M. |author4=Vincent, L. |author5=Wan, H. |author6=Wang, X. |author7=Rong, R. |author8=Fyfe, J. |author9=Li, G. |author10=Kharin, V.V. |display-authors=3 |year=2019 |title=Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Across Canada]; Chapter 4 |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR-Chapter4-TemperatureAndPrecipitationAcrossCanada.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422235728/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR-Chapter4-TemperatureAndPrecipitationAcrossCanada.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-22 |url-status=live |website=Canada's Changing Climate Report |publisher=Government of Canada |pages=112&ndash;193 |editor-last=Bush |editor-first=E. |editor-last2=Lemmen |editor-first2=D.S.}}</ref> In the southern regions of Canada, [[Air pollution in Canada|air pollution]] from both Canada and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in [[acid rain]], which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth and [[Agriculture in Canada|agricultural productivity in Canada]].<ref name="Boyd2011">{{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=David R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeYgVGE9j3EC&pg=PA67 |title=Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4063-7 |pages=67–69}}</ref>