Editing Garden (section)

==== France ====
Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] brought Italian craftsmen and [[garden designer]]s, such as [[Pacello da Mercogliano]], from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the [[Château d'Amboise]] and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], who had also travelled to Italy and had met [[Leonardo da Vinci]], created an Italian garden nearby at the [[Château de Blois]].<ref>Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12</ref> Beginning in 1528, King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] created new gardens at the [[Château de Fontainebleau]], which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from [[Provence]], and the first artificial grotto in France.<ref>Philippe Prevot, ''Histoire des jardins'', pg. 107</ref> The [[Château de Chenonceau]] had two gardens in the new style, one created for [[Diane de Poitiers]] in 1551, and a second for [[Catherine de' Medici]] in 1560.<ref>Prevot, ''Histoire des Jardins'', 114</ref> In 1536, the architect [[Philibert de l'Orme]], upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the [[Château d'Anet]] following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden.<ref name="jeannel">Bernard Jeannel, ''[[Le Nôtre]]'', Éd. Hazan, p. 17</ref>

The [[French formal garden]] ({{langx|fr|jardin à la française}}) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden ({{langx|fr|jardin à l'anglaise}}) namely, to "force nature" instead of leaving it undisturbed.<ref name="Princeton Architectural Press">{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Allan |title=Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=9781568980508 |page=15}}</ref> Typical French formal gardens had "parterres, geometrical shapes and neatly clipped topiary", in contrast to the English style of garden in which "plants and shrubs seem to grow naturally without artifice."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=15}}</ref> By the mid-17th century [[axial symmetry]] had ascended to prominence in the French gardening traditions of [[Andre Mollet]] and [[Jacques Boyceau]], from which the latter wrote: "All things, however beautiful they may be chosen, will be defective if they are not ordered and placed in proper symmetry."<ref name=hayes/> A good example of the French formal style are the [[Tuileries Garden|Tuileries gardens]] in Paris which were originally designed during the reign of King Henry II in the mid-sixteenth century. The gardens were redesigned into the formal French style for the [[Sun King|Sun King Louis XIV]]. The gardens were ordered into symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, clipped hedgerows, along with parterres, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=29}}</ref>

The [[French landscape garden]] was influenced by the English landscape garden and gained prominence in the late eighteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Calder |first1=Martin |title=Experiencing the Garden in the Eighteenth Century |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |isbn=9783039102914 |page=9}}</ref><ref name="Princeton Architectural Press"/>