Editing GLONASS (section)

== Satellites ==
{{See also|List of GLONASS satellites}}
[[File:Glonass-K - MAKS2015part8-12.jpg|220px|thumb|The Glonass-K spacecraft model]]
The main contractor of the GLONASS program is Joint Stock Company [[Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev]] (ISS Reshetnev, formerly called NPO-PM). The company, located in [[Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Zheleznogorsk]], is the designer of all GLONASS satellites, in cooperation with the Institute for Space Device Engineering ([[:ru:РНИИ КП]]) and the Russian Institute of Radio Navigation and Time. Serial production of the satellites is accomplished by the company [[Production Corporation Polyot]] in [[Omsk]].

Over the three decades of development, the satellite designs have gone through numerous improvements, and can be divided into three generations: the original GLONASS (since 1982), GLONASS-M (since 2003) and GLONASS-K (since 2011). Each GLONASS satellite has a [[GRAU]] designation 11F654, and each of them also has the military "Cosmos-NNNN" designation.<ref>''Uragan'', Russian Space Web</ref>

=== First generation ===
{{main|GLONASS (satellite)}}

The true first generation of GLONASS (also called Uragan) satellites were all three-axis stabilized vehicles, generally weighing {{cvt|1250|kg}} and were equipped with a modest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. Over time they were upgraded to Block IIa, IIb, and IIv vehicles, with each block containing evolutionary improvements.

Six Block IIa satellites were launched in 1985–1986 with improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency stability. These spacecraft also demonstrated a 16-month average operational lifetime. Block IIb spacecraft, with a two-year design lifetimes, appeared in 1987, of which a total of 12 were launched, but half were lost in launch vehicle accidents. The six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked well, operating for an average of nearly 22 months.

Block IIv was the most prolific of the first generation. Used exclusively from 1988 to 2000, and continued to be included in launches through 2005, a total of 56 satellites were launched. The design life was three years, however numerous spacecraft exceeded this, with one late model lasting 68 months, nearly double.<ref>GLONASS #787, 68.7 operational months; as reported by RSA "GLONASS constellation status" on 6 April 2007</ref>

Block II satellites were typically launched three at a time from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] using [[Proton-K]] [[Blok D|Blok-DM2]] or Proton-K [[Briz (rocket stage)|Briz-M]] boosters. The only exception was when, on two launches, an [[Etalon (satellite)|Etalon]] [[Satellite geodesy|geodetic reflector satellite]] was substituted for a GLONASS satellite.

=== Second generation ===
{{main|GLONASS-M}}

The second generation of satellites, known as [[GLONASS-M|Glonass-M]], were developed beginning in 1990 and first launched in 2003. These satellites possess a substantially increased lifetime of seven years and weigh slightly more at {{cvt|1480|kg}}. They are approximately {{cvt|2.4|m}} in diameter and {{cvt|3.7|m}} high, with a solar array span of {{cvt|7.2|m}} for an electrical power generation capability of 1600 watts at launch. The aft payload structure houses 12 primary antennas for L-band transmissions. Laser corner-cube reflectors are also carried to aid in precise orbit determination and geodetic research. On-board [[Caesium standard|cesium clocks]] provide the local clock source. 52 Glonass-M have been produced and launched.

A total of 41 second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2013. As with the previous generation, the second generation spacecraft were launched three at a time using [[Proton rocket|Proton-K]] Blok-DM2 or Proton-K Briz-M boosters. Some were launched alone with [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2-1b]]/[[Fregat]].

In July 2015, [[Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev|ISS Reshetnev]] announced that it had completed the last GLONASS-M (No. 61) spacecraft and it was putting it in storage waiting for launch, along with eight previously built satellites.<ref name="issr-20150730"/><ref name="itartass-811771"/>

As on 22 September 2017, GLONASS-M No.52 satellite went into operation and the orbital grouping has again increased to 24 space vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/russia-increases-glonass-orbital-grouping-24-satellites/|title=Russia increases GLONASS orbital grouping to 24 satellites|date=2017-10-23|publisher=Geospatial World|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712015940/https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/russia-increases-glonass-orbital-grouping-24-satellites/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Third generation ===
{{main|GLONASS-K|GLONASS-K2}}

GLONASS-K is a substantial improvement of the previous generation: it is the first unpressurised GLONASS satellite with a much reduced mass of {{cvt|750|kg}} versus the {{cvt|1450|kg}} of GLONASS-M. It has an operational lifetime of 10 years, compared to the 7-year lifetime of the second generation GLONASS-M. It will transmit more navigation signals to improve the system's accuracy — including new CDMA signals in the L3 and L5 bands, which will use modulation similar to modernized GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Glonass-K consist of 26 satellites having satellite index 65-98 and widely used in Russian Military space.<ref name="reshetnev_glonass_history"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_10_21/ai_n56309362/?tag=content;col1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711083220/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_10_21/ai_n56309362/?tag=content;col1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-11|publisher=GPS World|first=Richard |last=Langley|title=GLONASS forecast bright and plentiful|year=2010}}</ref>

The new satellite's advanced equipment—made solely from Russian components — will allow the doubling of GLONASS' accuracy.<ref name="ato_glonass">{{cite journal|url=http://www.ato.ru/content/glonass-nearing-completion|title=Glonass nearing completion|journal=Russia & CIS Observer|last=Afanasyev|first=Igor|author2=Dmitri Vorontsov |date=2010-11-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130065842/http://www.ato.ru/content/glonass-nearing-completion|archive-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> As with the previous satellites, these are 3-axis stabilized, [[nadir]] pointing with dual solar arrays.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} The first GLONASS-K satellite was successfully launched on 26 February 2011.<ref name="reshetnev_glonass_history">{{cite web|url=http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/images/File/magazin/2007/m2-screen_en.pdf|title=Glonass-K: a prospective satellite of the GLONASS system|publisher=Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems|year=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063606/http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/images/File/magazin/2007/m2-screen_en.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="bbc_russia_launches_satellite">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12587238|title=Russia launches satellite for global navigation system|work=BBC News|date=2011-02-26|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130234313/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12587238|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to their weight reduction, GLONASS-K spacecraft can be launched in pairs from the [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]] launch site using the substantially lower cost [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]] boosters or in six-at-once from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] using Proton-K Briz-M launch vehicles.<ref name="ato_glonass"/><ref name="federal_targeted_program_2002"/>

=== Ground control ===
[[File:GLONASS GroundSegment.jpg|thumb|290px|right|A map depicting ground control stations]]

The ground control segment of GLONASS is almost entirely located within former Soviet Union territory, except for several in Brazil and one in Nicaragua.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/western-intelligence-fears-new-russian-sat-nav-espionage-capabilities/ |title=Western Intelligence Fears New Russian Sat-Nav's Espionage Capabilities |date=12 July 2021 |work=New Lines Magazine |first1=Holger |last1=Roonemaa |first2=Michael |last2=Weiss |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526011659/https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/western-intelligence-fears-new-russian-sat-nav-espionage-capabilities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/world/europe/a-russian-gps-using-us-soil-stirs-spy-fears.html |title=A Russian GPS Using U.S. Soil Stirs Spy Fears |date=16 November 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Michael |last1=Schmidt |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619183130/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/world/europe/a-russian-gps-using-us-soil-stirs-spy-fears.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-soviet-union-fought-the-cold-war-in-nicaragua-now-putins-russia-is-back/2017/04/08/b43039b0-0d8b-11e7-aa57-2ca1b05c41b8_story.html |title=The Soviet Union fought the Cold War in Nicaragua. Now Putin's Russia is back. |date=8 April 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Partlow |first=Joshua |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410080203/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-soviet-union-fought-the-cold-war-in-nicaragua-now-putins-russia-is-back/2017/04/08/b43039b0-0d8b-11e7-aa57-2ca1b05c41b8_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/a-special-russian-installation-in-nicaragua |title=A 'special' Russian installation in Nicaragua |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=[[University of Navarra]] |first=Hodek |last=Jakub |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707003154/https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/a-special-russian-installation-in-nicaragua |url-status=live }}</ref>

The GLONASS ground segment consists of:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/GLONASS_Ground_Segment|title=GLONASS Ground Segment|website=navipedia.net|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616145904/http://navipedia.net/index.php/GLONASS_Ground_Segment|url-status=live}}</ref>

* a system control centre;
* five Telemetry, Tracking and Command centers;
* two Laser Ranging Stations;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/lw15/docs/papers/Russian%20Laser%20Tracking%20Network.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404085613/http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/lw15/docs/papers/Russian%20Laser%20Tracking%20Network.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-04 |url-status=live|title=Russian Laser Tracking Network}}</ref> and
* ten Monitoring and Measuring Stations.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/icg_ebook.pdf| title = Current and planned global and regional navigation satellite systems and satellite-based augmentation systems| access-date = 22 January 2017| archive-date = 2 October 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121002214143/http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/icg_ebook.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Location !! scope="col" | System control !! scope="col" | Telemetry, Tracking and Command !! scope="col" | Central clock !! scope="col" | Upload stations !! scope="col" | Laser Ranging !! scope="col" | Monitoring and Measuring
|-
! scope="row" | [[Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnoznamensk]] || {{yes}} || - || - || - || - || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Schelkovo]] || - || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur|Komsomolsk]] || - || {{yes}} || - || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Saint Petersburg]] || - || {{yes}} || - || - || - || -
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ussuriysk]] || - || {{yes}} || - || - || - || -
|-
! scope="row" | [[Yeniseysk]] || - || {{yes}} || - || {{yes}} || - || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Yakutsk]] || - || - || - || - || - || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ulan-Ude]] || - || - || - || - || - || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nurak|Nurek]] || - || - || - || - || - || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vorkuta]] || - || - || - || - || - || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Murmansk]] || - || - || - || - || - || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zelenchukskaya|Zelenchuk]] || - || - || - || - || - || {{yes}}
|}

=== Receivers ===
[[File:Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png|thumb|290px|A Russian stamp with a GLONASS satellite, 2016]]
[[File:GLONASS module 1K-181.jpg|thumb|290px|A GLONASS receiver module 1K-181]]

Companies producing GNSS receivers making use of GLONASS:
* Furuno
* JAVAD GNSS, Inc
* [[Septentrio]]
* [[Topcon]]
* C-Nav
* [[Magellan Navigation]]
* Novatel
* ComNav technology Ltd.
* [[Leica Geosystems]]
* Hemisphere GNSS
* [[Trimble Inc]]
* [[u-blox]]
NPO Progress describes a receiver called ''GALS-A1'', which combines GPS and GLONASS reception.

[[SkyWave Mobile Communications]] manufactures an [[Inmarsat]]-based satellite communications terminal that uses both GLONASS and GPS.<ref>"GLONASS added to SkyWave terminals", Digital Ship, 4 December 2009, [http://www.thedigitalship.com/conferences/2006/displaynews.asp?NewsID=902 Thedigitalship.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231551/http://www.thedigitalship.com/conferences/2006/displaynews.asp?NewsID=902|date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

{{As of|2011}}, some of the latest receivers in the [[Garmin]] eTrex line also support GLONASS (along with GPS).<ref>[Garmin eTrex 20 https://buy.garmin.com/shop/shop.do?cID=145&pID=87771#overviewTab {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309035942/https://buy.garmin.com/shop/shop.do?cID=145&pID=87771#overviewTab |date=9 March 2013 }}]</ref> Garmin also produce a standalone [[Bluetooth]] receiver, the GLO for Aviation, which combines GPS, [[Wide Area Augmentation System|WAAS]] and GLONASS.<ref>[https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/in-the-air/portable-gps/glo-for-aviation/prod109826.html GLO for Aviation|Garmin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921062957/https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/in-the-air/portable-gps/glo-for-aviation/prod109826.html |date=21 September 2013 }}, buy.garmin.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013</ref>

Various [[smartphone]]s from 2011 onwards have integrated GLONASS capability in addition to their pre-existing [[GPS]] receivers, with the intention of reducing signal acquisition periods by allowing the device to pick up more satellites than with a single-network receiver, including devices from:
* [[Xiaomi]]
* [[Sony Ericsson]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dl-www.sonyericsson.com/cws/download/1/922/663/1315211190/pro_WP_13.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091518/http://dl-www.sonyericsson.com/cws/download/1/922/663/1315211190/pro_WP_13.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=live|title=Sony Xperia support (English)|website=sonyericsson.com|access-date=2 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[ZTE]]
* [[Huawei]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2011/02/15/427617|title=Sony Ericsson и Huawei готовят смартфоны с ГЛОНАСС|work=CNews.ru|access-date=2 September 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723064735/http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2011%2F02%2F15%2F427617|archive-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Samsung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote/note/spec.html|title=Samsung GALAXY Note|website=samsung.com|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111834/http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote/note/spec.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] (since [[iPhone 4S]], concurrently with GPS)
* [[HTC]]<ref>[http://www.htc.com/www/smartphones/htc-wp-8x/#specs Windows Phone 8X by HTC Overview - HTC Smartphones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209181714/http://www.htc.com/www/smartphones/htc-wp-8x/#specs |date=9 February 2014 }}, htc.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013</ref>
* [[LG Corporation|LG]]<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualcomm.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcommon%2Fproducts-services%2Fsnapdragon_specs_9-12.pdf Google Drive Viewer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417144445/https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualcomm.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcommon%2Fproducts-services%2Fsnapdragon_specs_9-12.pdf |date=17 April 2016 }}, docs.google.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013</ref>
* [[Motorola]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediacenter.motorola.com/Fact-Sheets/DROID-RAZR-by-Motorola-Fact-Sheet-386c.aspx|title=The Official Motorola Blog|website=motorola.com|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615084229/http://mediacenter.motorola.com/Fact-Sheets/DROID-RAZR-by-Motorola-Fact-Sheet-386c.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nokia]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-glonass-idUSTRE7783VU20110809|title=GLONASS gets Nokia backing, aims to rival COMPASS|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2 September 2015|date=9 August 2011|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154559/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/09/us-russia-glonass-idUSTRE7783VU20110809|url-status=live}}</ref>