Editing Fremantle (section)

== Heritage buildings ==
{{Further|List of heritage places in Fremantle}}
{{See also|Fremantle West End Heritage area|Fremantle walking tours and trails}}
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Fremantle is renowned for its well-preserved architectural heritage, including convict-built structures and hundreds of gold rush-era buildings, presenting a variety and unity of historic buildings and streetscapes. These were often built in locally quarried limestone with ornate façades in a succession of architectural styles. Rapid development following the harbour works gave rise to an [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] precinct as merchant and shipping companies built in the west end and on reclaimed land.<ref>{{cite book |last= Irving|first= Robert (arch. consultant)|others= Morrison, Robin (Photos)|title=Book of Historic Australian Towns |edition=1 |year=1982 |publisher=Reader's Digest |isbn=0-909486-93-X |pages=134–139 |quote=Easily quarried limestone was as popular with colonial builders as sandstone or bluestone was with their counterparts in New South Wales or Victoria|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

The [[Round House (Western Australia)|Round House]], the oldest remaining intact building in Western Australia, was built as a jail between 1830 and 1831.<ref name="Round House">{{cite web|url=http://www.freofocus.com/things2c/html/roundhouse.cfm|title=Fremantle Focus, History and Heritage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050625084702/http://www.freofocus.com/things2c/html/roundhouse.cfm|archive-date=25 June 2005}}</ref> The Round House had eight cells and a jailer's residence, which all opened up into a central courtyard. In the 1800s, bay [[Whaling in Western Australia|whaling]] was carried out from [[Bathers Beach, Fremantle|Bathers Beach]] below the Round House. As part of the whaling operations, a tunnel was constructed under the Round House to provide whalers with access to the town from the jetty and beach. The Round House is located in what is now known as Fremantle's West End: a collection of streets characterised by [[Victorian architecture|late Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture]]. A process of [[gentrification]] in the early 1990s was accelerated by the establishment of the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]] that occupies, and has restored, many of the buildings in the West End.

[[File:Fremantle Prison front , Western Australia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fremantle Prison]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]]
When the first 75 [[convict]]s arrived from Britain in 1850 to support the colony's dwindling population, it became apparent that the Round House was inadequate to house them. The convicts built a new jail, [[Fremantle Prison]], which was completed in the 1850s and continued to be used as Fremantle's prison until 1991. Fremantle Prison was once one of the most notorious prisons in the [[British Empire]]. It housed British convicts, local prisoners, military prisoners, enemy aliens and prisoners of war. In 2010, Fremantle Prison was placed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] as part of the "[[Australian Convict Sites]]", making it the first built environment in Western Australia to be bestowed this honour.<ref>[http://www.fremantleprison.com.au/Cultural_Heritage/heritagesignificance/worldheritagelist/Pages/default.aspx Fremantle Prison inscribed on the World Heritage list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217233418/http://www.fremantleprison.com.au/Cultural_Heritage/heritagesignificance/worldheritagelist/Pages/default.aspx |date=17 February 2011 }}</ref> It continues to be accessible to the public for guided tours and as a venue for artistic and cultural activities.<ref>[http://www.fremantleprison.com.au/About_Us/missionvisionandobjectives/Pages/default.aspx Mission, vision and objectives] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820090757/http://www.fremantleprison.com.au/About_Us/missionvisionandobjectives/Pages/default.aspx |date=20 August 2009 }} at Fremantle Prison official site</ref>

Other convict-built buildings in Fremantle include the 1850s [[Fremantle School building]] and [[Commissariat Buildings]], and the [[Fremantle Arts Centre]], constructed in the 1860s from locally quarried limestone. It is a former [[psychiatric hospital|lunatic asylum]] building on Ord Street, and is one of Fremantle's most significant landmarks.<ref>[http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/oursites/freohistory/freohistory.asp Welcome to the Fremantle History Museum] WA Museum site, with photographs</ref> <!-- This museum has now moved - see the website referred to in the previous ref --> Today, the imposing [[Victorian Gothic]] building and its historic courtyards are used for art exhibitions and music concerts.

[[File:AU-fremantle-cap-strip.jpg|thumb|The [[Sail and Anchor Hotel]] and [[Fremantle Markets]] on the Cappuccino Strip]]
The [[Fremantle Markets]] opened in 1897, forming a precinct providing handicrafts, specialty foods, dining halls and fish and vegetable markets. The area also hosts [[street performance|buskers]] and other street performers. The then [[Premier of Western Australia|premier]], [[John Forrest|Sir John Forrest]], laid the foundation stone for the markets on Saturday 6 November 1897. Over 150 stalls are housed in the Victorian-era building, which was listed by the [[National Trust of Australia]] and the state's Heritage Council in 1980. The Fremantle Markets are adjacent to several other historic buildings, including the [[Sail and Anchor Hotel]] (which contains a [[microbrewery]]), the [[Norfolk Hotel, Fremantle|Norfolk Hotel]], the Warders Cottages, the [[Fremantle Technical School]], [[Fremantle Synagogue]] and [[Scots Presbyterian Church, Fremantle|Scots Presbyterian Church]].

Some key historical buildings have been lost to development, while others are only extant thanks to community activism that went against the wishes of developers.<ref name="dada10" /> For example, the [[art deco]] [[Oriana Cinema]] on the corner of Queen and High streets was demolished in 1972, after only 34 years of operation.<ref name="Freo LHC search results">{{cite web |url=http://fremantle.wip.seamless.com.au/imglib/html/iframelocalhistory.cfm?keywords=oriana+cinema&keywordMatchMode=ALL&dates=&searchTreeNodeId=1&formAction=RUN |title=Search results for 'Oriana Cinema' |author=Fremantle Local History Centre |work=Fremantle Local History Centre's photographic collection |access-date=14 January 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This was done to make way for the widening of High Street, but that project was stopped thanks to the campaigning of [[the Fremantle Society]] and other community members, and the buildings along the southern side of High Street were retained. The Fremantle Markets nearly suffered a similar fate in the late 1970s due to another road-widening proposal.<ref name="dada10" />

The National Hotel, one of the city's historic buildings, was almost destroyed by fire on the night of Sunday, 11 March 2007. Though the interior was gutted, the façade was saved and the building has since been fully restored with an additional rooftop bar.<ref>[http://fremantle.inmycommunity.com.au/news-and-views/local-news/New-life-for-old-National/7528231/ New life for old National] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322151810/http://fremantle.inmycommunity.com.au/news-and-views/local-news/New-life-for-old-National/7528231/ |date=22 March 2012 }}, inmycommunity.com.au. Retrieved 14 May 2011.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20121230234217/http://www.national-hotel-fremantle.com.au/about-the-hotel/development-plan/ Development Plans], National Hotel Fremantle. Retrieved 1 September 2012.</ref>