Editing Frederick Douglass (section)

==Career==

===Abolitionist and preacher===
{{Further|Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts}}
[[File:FrederickDouglass-1848.jpg|thumb|upright|Frederick Douglass, {{circa}} 1840s, in his 20s]]

Frederick Douglass and [[Anna Murray Douglass]] settled in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]] (an [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] center, full of former enslaved people), in 1838, moving to [[Lynn, Massachusetts]], in 1841.<ref name="nps.gov">{{cite web |title=Frederick Douglass Chronology – Frederick Douglass National Historic Site|url=https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/frederick-douglass-chronology.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150721/https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/frederick-douglass-chronology.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=June 1, 2018 |website=nps.gov (U.S. National Park Service) }}</ref> After meeting and staying with [[Nathan Johnson (abolitionist)|Nathan and Mary Johnson]], they adopted Douglass as their married name.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124" /> Douglass had grown up using his mother's surname of Bailey; after escaping slavery he had changed his surname first to Stanley and then to Johnson. In New Bedford, the latter was such a common name that he wanted one that was more distinctive, and asked Nathan Johnson to choose a suitable surname. Nathan suggested "[[Douglass (surname)|Douglass]]", after having read the poem ''[[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|The Lady of the Lake]]'' by [[Walter Scott]], in which two of the principal characters have the surname "[[Douglas (surname)|Douglas]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHInBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 |title=Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (Civil War Classics) |last2=Douglass |date=2015 |publisher=Diversion Books |isbn=978-1-62681-687-9 |pages=115–116 |access-date=October 28, 2016 |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902004228/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHInBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frederick Douglass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66EqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |title=Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself, Critical Edition |year= 2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-22529-7 |page=177 |access-date=July 5, 2018 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801200538/https://books.google.com/books?id=66EqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Johnson Properties, New Bedford, MA.jpg|thumb|The [[Nathan and Mary (Polly) Johnson properties|home and meetinghouse]] of the Johnsons, where Douglass and his wife lived in New Bedford, Massachusetts]]
Douglass thought of joining a white [[Methodist Church]], but was disappointed, from the beginning, upon finding that it was [[Racial segregation|segregated]]. Later, he joined the [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church]], an independent [[black church|black denomination]] first established in New York City, which counted among its members [[Sojourner Truth]] and [[Harriet Tubman]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Maurice S. |date=2009 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Frederick Douglass |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=63}}</ref> He became a licensed preacher in 1839,<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=This Far by Faith. Frederick Douglass |url=https://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/frederick_douglass.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317093340/http://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/frederick_douglass.html |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> which helped him to hone his [[Orator|oratorical skills]]. He held various positions, including [[Stewardship|steward]], [[Sunday school|Sunday-school]] [[Superintendent (education)|superintendent]], and [[Sexton (office)|sexton]]. In 1840, Douglass delivered a speech in [[Elmira, New York]], then a station on the [[Underground Railroad]], in which a black congregation would form years later, becoming the region's largest church by 1940.<ref name="religionnews.com">[http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass/ "Religious Facts You Might Not Know about Frederick Douglass"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003441/http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass/|date=February 26, 2014}}, ''Religion News'', June 19, 2013.</ref>

Douglass also joined several organizations in New Bedford and regularly attended abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to [[William Lloyd Garrison]]'s weekly newspaper, ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]''. He later said that "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments [of the hatred of slavery] as did those of William Lloyd Garrison." So deep was this influence that in his last autobiography, Douglass said "his paper took a place in my heart second only to [[Bible|The Bible]]."<ref>Douglass, Frederick. 2008 [1881]. ''[[Life and Times of Frederick Douglass]]''. Cosimo, Inc., p. 149 {{ISBN|978-1-60520-399-7}}.</ref>

Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglass and had written about his anti-[[American Colonization Society|colonization]] stance in ''The Liberator'' as early as 1839. Douglass first heard Garrison speak in 1841, at a lecture that Garrison gave in Liberty Hall, New Bedford. At another meeting, Douglass was unexpectedly invited to speak. After telling his story, Douglass was encouraged to become an anti-slavery lecturer. A few days later, Douglass spoke at the [[Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society]]'s annual convention, in [[Nantucket]]. Then 23 years old, Douglass conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his life as a slave.

[[File:Garrison-william-lloyd-loc.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Lloyd Garrison]], abolitionist and one of Douglass's first friends in the North]]
While living in Lynn, Douglass engaged in an early protest against segregated transportation. In September 1841, at [[Lynn station|Lynn Central Square station]], Douglass and his friend [[James N. Buffum]] were thrown off an [[Eastern Railroad (Massachusetts)|Eastern Railroad]] train because Douglass refused to sit in the segregated railroad coach.<ref name="nps.gov" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Transportation Protests: 1841 to 1992 |url=https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/desegregation/transportation-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054632/https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/desegregation/transportation-protests/ |archive-date=August 6, 2018 |access-date=June 1, 2018 |website=civilrightsteaching.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 10, 2009 |title=Resistance to the Segregation of Public Transportation in the Early 1840s |url=http://primaryresearch.org/resistance-to-the-segregation-of-public-transportation-in-the-early-1840s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806031930/http://primaryresearch.org/resistance-to-the-segregation-of-public-transportation-in-the-early-1840s/ |archive-date=August 6, 2018 |access-date=June 1, 2018 |website=primaryresearch.org}}</ref><ref>{{Wikisource-inline|Page:My Bondage and My Freedom (1855).djvu/411|single=true}}</ref>

In 1843, Douglass joined other speakers in the [[American Anti-Slavery Society]]'s "Hundred Conventions" project, a six-month tour at meeting halls throughout the [[Eastern United States|eastern]] and [[midwestern United States]]. During this tour, slavery supporters frequently accosted Douglass. At a lecture in [[Pendleton, Indiana]], an angry mob chased and beat Douglass before a local Quaker family, the Hardys, rescued him. His hand was broken in the attack; it healed improperly and bothered him for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself, His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time |title-link=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |date=1881 |publisher=Christian Age Office |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimesfre00douggoog/page/n265 287]–88}}</ref> A stone marker in Falls Park in the [[Pendleton Historic District (Pendleton, Indiana)|Pendleton Historic District]] commemorates this event.

In 1847, Douglass explained to Garrison, "I have no love for America, as such; I have no patriotism. I have no country. What country have I? The Institutions of this Country do not know me – do not recognize me as a man."<ref>{{cite news |first=Frederick |last=Douglass |url=https://glc.yale.edu/country-conscience-and-anti-slavery-cause |title=Country, Conscience, and the Anti-Slavery Cause: An Address Delivered in New York City, May 11, 1847 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731203800/https://glc.yale.edu/country-conscience-and-anti-slavery-cause |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |newspaper=New York Daily Tribune |date=May 13, 1847}} Reprinted in {{cite book |editor1-last=Blassingame |editor1-first=John W. |editor2-first=John R. |editor2-last=McKivigan |title=The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series One—Speeches, Debates, and Interviews |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1979 |volume=2 |page=57}}</ref>

===Autobiography===
Douglass's best-known work is his first autobiography, ''[[Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave]]'', written during his time in [[Lynn, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Re-Examining Fredrick Douglass's Time in Lynn |publisher=Lynn Daily Item / itemlive.com |url=https://www.itemlive.com/2018/02/02/re-examining-fredrick-douglasss-time-lynn/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221122601/https://www.itemlive.com/2018/02/02/re-examining-fredrick-douglasss-time-lynn/ |archive-date=December 21, 2020}}</ref> and published in 1845. At the time, some skeptics questioned whether a black man could have produced such an eloquent piece of literature. The book received generally positive reviews and became an immediate bestseller. Within three years, it had been reprinted nine times, with 11,000 copies circulating in the United States. It was also translated into French and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and published in Europe.

Douglass published three autobiographies during his lifetime (and revised the third of these), each time expanding on the previous one. The 1845 ''Narrative'' was his biggest seller and probably allowed him to raise the funds to gain his legal freedom the following year, as discussed below. In 1855, Douglass published ''[[My Bondage and My Freedom]]''. In 1881, in his sixties, Douglass published ''[[Life and Times of Frederick Douglass]]'', which he revised in 1892.

===Travels to Ireland and Great Britain===
[[File:Plaque to Frederick Douglass, West Bell St., Dundee, Scotland.jpg|thumb|Plaque to Frederick Douglass, West Bell St., Dundee, Scotland]]
[[File:Unidentified Artist - Frederick Douglass - Google Art Project-restore.png|thumb|Douglass in 1847, around 29 years of age]]
[[Image:33 Gilmore Place, Edinburgh (cropped).jpg|33 Gilmore Place in [[Edinburgh]], where Douglass lived in 1846|thumb]]

Douglass's friends and mentors feared that the publicity would draw the attention of his ex-owner, Hugh Auld, who might try to get his "property" back. They encouraged Douglass to tour Ireland, as many former slaves had done. Douglass set sail on the ''Cambria'' for [[Liverpool]], England, on August 16, 1845. He traveled in Ireland as the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] was beginning.

The feeling of freedom from American [[racial discrimination]] amazed Douglass:<ref name="My Bondage">Douglass, Frederick. [1885] 2003. ''[[My Bondage and My Freedom|My Bondage and My Freedom: Part I – Life as a Slave, Part II – Life as a Freeman]]'', introduction by [[James McCune Smith]], edited by [[John Stauffer (professor)|John Stauffer]]. New York: [[Random House]]. {{ISBN|0-8129-7031-4}}. p. [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass55/douglass55.html#p371 371] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195955/http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass55/douglass55.html#p371|date=January 31, 2017}}</ref>

<blockquote>Eleven days and a half gone, and I have crossed three thousand miles of the perilous deep. Instead of a democratic government, I am under a monarchical government. Instead of the bright, blue sky of America, I am covered with the soft, grey fog of the Emerald Isle [Ireland]. I breathe, and lo! the chattel [slave] becomes a man. I gaze around in vain for one who will question my equal humanity, claim me as his slave, or offer me an insult. I employ a cab—I am seated beside white people—I reach the hotel—I enter the same door—I am shown into the same parlor—I dine at the same table—and no one is offended.... I find myself regarded and treated at every turn with the kindness and deference paid to white people. When I go to church, I am met by no upturned nose and scornful lip to tell me, {{'}}''We don't allow niggers in here!''{{'}}</blockquote>

Still, Douglass was astounded by the extreme levels of poverty he encountered in Dublin, much of it reminding him of his experiences in slavery.  In a letter to [[William Lloyd Garrison]], Douglass wrote "I see much here to remind me of my former condition, and I confess I should be ashamed to lift up my voice against American slavery, but that I know the cause of humanity is one the world over. He who really and truly feels for the American slave, cannot steel his heart to the woes of others; and he who thinks himself an abolitionist, yet cannot enter into the wrongs of others, has yet to find a true foundation for his anti-slavery faith."<ref>[https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/support12.html ''The Liberator'', 27 March 1846] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520062708/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/support12.html |date=May 20, 2021 }}; reprinted in Philip Foner, ed., ''Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass'', vol. 1 (New York: International Publishers, 1950), p. 138.</ref>

He also met and befriended the [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalist]] and strident abolitionist [[Daniel O'Connell]],<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Dowd |first=Niall |title=Frederick Douglass was quickly captivated by Daniel O'Connell in 1845 Ireland |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/frederick-douglass-daniel-oconnell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822164245/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/frederick-douglass-daniel-oconnell |archive-date=August 22, 2020 |access-date=August 23, 2020 |website=Irish Central }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself, His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time |title-link=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |date=1881 |publisher=Christian Age Office |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimesfre01douggoog/page/n235 205]}}</ref> who was to be a great inspiration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaffin |first=Tom |date=February 25, 2011 |title=Frederick Douglass's Irish Liberty |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/frederick-douglasss-irish-liberty/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009132105/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/frederick-douglasss-irish-liberty/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>Frederick Douglass letter to [[William Lloyd Garrison]] quoted in Christine Kinealy ed. (2018), ''Frederick Douglass and Ireland: In His Own Words, Volume II''. Routledge, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-429-50505-8}}. pp. 67–72.</ref>

Douglass spent two years in Ireland and Great Britain, lecturing in churches and chapels. His draw was such that some facilities were "crowded to suffocation". One example was his hugely popular ''London Reception Speech'', which Douglass delivered in May 1846 at [[Alexander Fletcher (minister)|Alexander Fletcher]]'s [[Finsbury Chapel]]. Douglass remarked that in England he was treated not "as a color, but as a man".<ref name="Ruuth">{{Cite book |last=Ruuth |first=Marianne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lx8nXxmAlcC&q=Douglass%2520-%2520england%2520-%2520not%2520%2522as%2520a%2520color%252C%2520but%2520as%2520a%2520manFrederick+Douglass&pg=PA118 |title=Frederick Douglass: Patriot and Activist |date=1995 |publisher=Holloway House Publishing |isbn=978-0-87067-773-1 |pages=117–118 |language=en |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217142500/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lx8nXxmAlcC&q=Douglass%2520-%2520england%2520-%2520not%2520%2522as%2520a%2520color%252C%2520but%2520as%2520a%2520manFrederick+Douglass&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1846, Douglass met with [[Thomas Clarkson]], one of the last living British [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionists]], who had persuaded Parliament to abolish slavery in Great Britain's colonies.<ref>[[Simon Schama]], ''[[Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution]]'', New York: HarperCollins, 2006, pp. 415–21.</ref> During this trip Douglass became legally free, as British supporters led by [[Anna Richardson (abolitionist)|Anna Richardson]] and her sister-in-law Ellen of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] raised funds to buy his freedom from his American owner Thomas Auld.<ref name="Ruuth" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frances E. Ruffin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWQDuizyvD0C&pg=PA59 |title=Frederick Douglass: Rising Up from Slavery |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4027-4118-0 |page=59 | publisher=Sterling Publishing Co. |access-date=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193410/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWQDuizyvD0C&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many supporters tried to encourage Douglass to remain in England but, with his wife still in Massachusetts and three million of his black brethren in bondage in the United States, he returned to America in the spring of 1847,<ref name="Ruuth" /> soon after the death of Daniel O'Connell.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaffin |first=Tom |title=Frederick Douglass's Irish Liberty |work=Opinionator |date=February 26, 2011 |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/frederick-douglasss-irish-liberty/?mcubz=1 |url-status=live |access-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922052034/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/frederick-douglasss-irish-liberty/?mcubz=1 |archive-date=September 22, 2017}}</ref>

In the 21st century, historical plaques were installed on buildings in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] and [[Waterford]], Ireland, and London to celebrate Douglass's visit: the first is on the Imperial Hotel in Cork and was unveiled on August 31, 2012; the second is on the façade of Waterford City Hall, unveiled on October 7, 2013. It commemorates his speech there on October 9, 1845.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenton |first=Laurence |title=Frederick Douglass in Ireland: the 'Black O'Connell' |publisher=Collins Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84889-196-8 |location=Cork |pages=131, 151 |oclc=869789226}}</ref> The third plaque adorns [[Nell Gwynn House]], [[South Kensington]] in London, at the site of an earlier house where Douglass stayed with the British abolitionist [[George Thompson (abolitionist)|George Thompson]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Embassy of the United States, London |first=Barbara J. |last=Stephenson |title=Remarks at the Unveiling of the Frederick Douglass Plaque |date=February 20, 2013 |url=http://london.usembassy.gov/dcm-speeches/stephenson006.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015095716/http://london.usembassy.gov/dcm-speeches/stephenson006.html |archive-date=October 15, 2013 }}</ref> On July 31, 2023, the first statue of him in Europe was unveiled in High Street in [[Belfast]].<ref>{{cite web |website=www.bbc.co.uk|first1=Finn |last1=Purdy |first2=Conor| last2=Neeson|title= Frederick Douglass: Belfast statue of black anti-slavery activist unveiled |date=July 31, 2023 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-66358247.amp}}</ref>

Douglass spent time in Scotland and was appointed "Scotland's Antislavery agent".<ref>{{cite web |title=Frederick Douglass |url=https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/treasures/frederick-douglass/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620030713/https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/treasures/frederick-douglass/ |archive-date=June 20, 2021 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |website=National Library of Scotland |language=en}}</ref> He made anti-slavery speeches and wrote letters back to the US. He considered the city of Edinburgh to be elegant, grand and very welcoming. Maps of the places in the city that were important to his stay are held by the National Library of Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maps |url=https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/treasures/frederick-douglass/maps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301035102/https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/treasures/frederick-douglass/maps |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |website=National Library of Scotland |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://ourbondageourfreedom.llc.ed.ac.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217103251/https://ourbondageourfreedom.llc.ed.ac.uk/ |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |website=Our Bondage & Our Freedom }}</ref> A plaque and a mural at 33 Gilmore Place in [[Edinburgh]] mark his stay there in 1846.

"A variety of collaborative projects are currently [in 2021] underway to commemorate Frederick Douglass's journey and visit to Ireland in the 19th century."<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracing Frederick Douglass's footsteps in Ireland |url=https://www.douglassincork.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201519/https://www.douglassincork.com/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref>

===Return to the United States; the abolitionist movement===
[[File:Frederick Douglass by Samuel J Miller, 1847-52.png|thumb|Douglass circa 1847–52, around his early 30s]]
After returning to the U.S. in 1847, using £500 ({{inflation|UK|500|1847|fmt=eq}}) given to him by English supporters,<ref name="Ruuth" /> Douglass started publishing his first abolitionist newspaper, the ''[[North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)|North Star]]'', from the basement of the Memorial AME Zion Church in [[Rochester, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |date=June 19, 2013 |title=5 religious facts you might not know about Frederick Douglass |url=http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216025656/http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass/ |archive-date=February 16, 2015 |access-date=March 17, 2015 |agency=Religion News Service}}</ref> Originally, [[Pittsburgh]] journalist [[Martin Delany]] was co-editor but Douglass didn't feel he brought in enough subscriptions, and they parted ways.<ref name="Blight">{{cite book |last=Blight
 |first=David W.
 |title=Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom
 |publisher=Simon & Schuster
 |year=2018
|isbn=978-1-4165-9031-6
|location=New York
|author-link=David W. Blight}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2022}} The ''North Star''{{'s}} motto was "Right is of no Sex – Truth is of no Color – God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren."<ref name="Koehn 2017 249–250">{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy |title=Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times |publisher=Scribner |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5011-7444-5 |location=New York |pages=249–250}}</ref> The AME Church and ''North Star'' joined in the freedmen community's vigorous opposition to the mostly white [[American Colonization Society]] and its proposal to [[Back-to-Africa movement|send free black people to Africa]]. Douglass also participated in the [[Underground Railroad]]. He and his wife provided lodging and resources in their home to more than four hundred fugitive slaves.<ref name="Koehn 2017 249–250" />

Douglass also soon split with Garrison, whom he found unwilling to support actions against American slavery.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Jerry Rescue Celebration
|newspaper=[[Anti-Slavery Bugle]]
|date=October 14, 1854
|page=2
|location=[[Salem, Ohio]]
|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035487/1854-10-14/ed-1/seq-2/#}}</ref> Earlier Douglass had agreed with Garrison's position that the Constitution was pro-slavery, because of [[Three-Fifths Compromise|the Three-Fifths Clause]], the compromise that provided that 60 percent of the number of enslaved people would be added to "the whole Number of free Persons"<ref>U.S. Constitution, Article I, section 2.</ref> for the purpose of apportioning congressional seats; and protection of the international slave trade through 1807. Garrison had burned copies of the Constitution to express his opinion. However, [[Lysander Spooner]] published ''[[The Unconstitutionality of Slavery]]'' (1846), which examined the [[United States Constitution]] as an antislavery document. Douglass's change of opinion about the Constitution and his splitting from Garrison around 1847 became one of the abolitionist movement's most notable divisions. Douglass angered Garrison by saying that the Constitution could and should be used as an instrument in the fight against slavery.<ref>Robert Fanuzzi, "Frederick Douglass' 'Colored Newspaper': Identity Politics in Black and White," in ''The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays'', Todd Vogel, ed. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001), pp. 65–69.</ref>

On July 24, 1851, "shortly after his announced change of opinion", Douglass delivered a speech titled, "Is the United States Constitution For or Against Slavery".<ref>Rebeiro, footnotes 51 and 67.</ref> He expressed his changed views again in an 1860 speech in Glasgow, Scotland, titled, "[[The Constitution of the United States: is it pro-slavery or anti-slavery?]]". In that speech, he said, "When I escaped from slavery, and was introduced to the Garrisonians, I adopted very many of their opinions.... I was young, had read but little, and naturally took some things on trust. Subsequent reading and experience", however, "brought me to other conclusions". He now believed that "dissolution of the American Union", which Garrison advocated, "would place the slave system more exclusively under the control of the slaveholding States...." In addition, "Mr. Garrison and his friends tell us that while in the Union we are responsible for slavery.... I deny that going out of the Union would free us from that responsibility.... The American people in the Northern States have helped to enslave the black people. Their duty will not be done till they give them back their plundered rights."<ref>[https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/1860-frederick-douglass-constitution-united-states-it-pro-slavery-or-anti-slavery/ (1860) Frederick Douglass, "The Constitution of the United States: Is it Pro-slavery or Anti-slavery?"], full text. [https://cptl.asu.edu/sites/default/files/2021-06/Q75%20Douglass%2C%20Is%20the%20Constitution%20Proslavery%20or%20Antislavery%2C%201860_CPTL.pdf Abridged]</ref>

===Letter to his former owner===
In September 1848, on the tenth anniversary of his escape, Douglass published an open letter addressed to his former master, Thomas Auld, berating him for his conduct, and inquiring after members of his family still held by Auld.<ref name="Finkelman2006-105" /><ref name="Douglass1848" /> In the course of the letter, Douglass adeptly transitions from formal and restrained to familiar and then to impassioned. At one point he is the proud parent, describing his improved circumstances and the progress of his own four young children. But then he dramatically shifts tone:

<blockquote>Oh! sir, a slaveholder never appears to me so completely an agent of hell, as when I think of and look upon my dear children. It is then that my feelings rise above my control. ... The grim horrors of slavery rise in all their ghastly terror before me, the wails of millions pierce my heart, and chill my blood. I remember the chain, the gag, the bloody whip, the deathlike gloom overshadowing the broken spirit of the fettered bondman, the appalling liability of his being torn away from wife and children, and sold like a beast in the market.<ref name="AuldLetter">{{cite web |last=Douglass |first=Fredrick |date=September 3, 1848 |title=Letter to Thomas Auld |url=https://glc.yale.edu/letter-thomas-auld-september-3-1848 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029235339/https://glc.yale.edu/letter-thomas-auld-september-3-1848 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=glc.yale.edu}}</ref></blockquote>

In a graphic passage, Douglass asked Auld how he would feel if Douglass had come to take away his daughter Amanda into slavery, treating her the way he and members of his family had been treated by Auld.<ref name="Finkelman2006-105">{{Cite book |last=Paul Finkelman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y0OAQAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |pages=104–105 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902004241/https://books.google.com/books?id=-y0OAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Douglass1848">{{cite web |title=I am your fellow man, but not your slave |url=http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/02/i-am-your-fellow-man-but-not-your-slave.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227003753/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/02/i-am-your-fellow-man-but-not-your-slave.html |archive-date=February 27, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2023}}</ref> Yet in his conclusion Douglass shows his focus and benevolence, stating that he has "no malice towards him personally," and asserts that, "there is no roof under which you would be more safe than mine, and there is nothing in my house which you might need for comfort, which I would not readily grant. Indeed, I should esteem it a privilege, to set you an example as to how mankind ought to treat each other."<ref name="AuldLetter" />

===Women's rights===
In 1848, Douglass was the only black person to attend the [[Seneca Falls Convention]], the first [[women's rights]] convention, in upstate New York.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 18, 1920 |title=Seneca Falls Convention |url=http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/seneca_falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717211129/http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/seneca_falls |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=April 20, 2011 |publisher=Virginia Memory}}</ref><ref>Stanton, 1997, p. 85.</ref> [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] asked the assembly to pass a resolution asking for [[women's suffrage]].<ref>USConstitution.net. [http://www.usconstitution.net/sentiments.html Text of the "Declaration of Sentiments", and the Resolutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221131819/http://usconstitution.net/sentiments.html|date=February 21, 2009}}. Retrieved April 24, 2009.</ref> Many of those present opposed the idea, including influential Quakers [[James Mott|James]] and [[Lucretia Mott]].<ref name=McMillen93/> Douglass stood and spoke eloquently in favor of [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]]; he said that he could not accept the right to vote as a black man if women could also not claim that right. He suggested that the world would be a better place if [[Women in government|women were involved in the political sphere]]:

{{blockquote|In this denial of the right to participate in government, not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens, but the maiming and repudiation of one-half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world.<ref name="McMillen93">McMillen, 2008, pp. 93–94.</ref>}}

After Douglass's powerful words, the attendees passed the resolution.<ref name=McMillen93/><ref>National Park Service. Women's Rights. [http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/report-of-the-womans-rights-convention.htm Report of the Woman's Rights Convention, July 19–20, 1848] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503160458/http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/report-of-the-womans-rights-convention.htm|date=May 3, 2009}}. Retrieved April 24, 2009.</ref>

In the wake of the Seneca Falls Convention, Douglass used an editorial in ''The North Star'' to press the case for women's rights. He recalled the "marked ability and dignity" of the proceedings, and briefly conveyed several arguments of the convention and feminist thought at the time.

On the first count, Douglass acknowledged the "decorum" of the participants in the face of disagreement. In the remainder, he discussed the primary document that emerged from the conference, a Declaration of Sentiments, and the "infant" feminist cause. He criticized opponents of women's rights: "A discussion of the rights of animals would be regarded with far more complacency by many of what are called the ''wise'' and the ''good'' of our land, than would be a discussion of the rights of woman."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Image 3 of The North star (Rochester, NY), July 28, 1848 |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026365/1848-07-28/ed-1/?dl=issue&sp=1&st=image |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> He also noted the link between abolitionism and feminism, the overlap between the communities.

His opinion as the editor of a prominent newspaper carried weight, and he stated the position of the ''North Star'' explicitly: "We hold woman to be justly entitled to all we claim for man." This letter, written a week after the convention, reaffirmed the first part of the paper's slogan, "right is of no sex."

[[File:Frederick Douglass Visit to Newburgh, NY.jpg|thumb|Memorial Rock at AME Zion, Newburgh, New York]]
After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], when the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th Amendment]] giving black men the right to vote was being debated, Douglass split with the Stanton-led faction of the women's rights movement. Douglass supported the amendment, which would grant suffrage to black men. Stanton opposed the 15th Amendment because it limited the expansion of suffrage to black men; she predicted its passage would delay for decades the cause for women's right to vote. Stanton argued that American women and black men should band together to fight for [[universal suffrage]], and opposed any bill that split the issues.<ref name="DouglassO" /> Douglass and Stanton both knew that there was not yet enough male support for women's right to vote, but that an amendment giving black men the vote could pass in the late 1860s. Stanton wanted to attach women's suffrage to that of black men so that her cause would be carried to success.<ref name="Foner, p.600">Foner, p. 600.</ref>

Douglass thought such a strategy was too risky, that there was barely enough support for black men's suffrage. He feared that linking the cause of women's suffrage to that of black men would result in failure for both. Douglass argued that white women, already empowered by their social connections to fathers, husbands, and brothers, at least vicariously had the vote. Black women, he believed, would have the same degree of empowerment as white women once black men had the vote.<ref name="Foner, p.600" /> Douglass assured the American women that at no time had he ever argued against women's right to vote.<ref>{{cite book |last=Watkins |first=Valetha |contribution=National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) |editor1-first=Julius E. |editor1-last=Thompson |editor2-first=James L. Jr. |editor2-last=Conyers |editor3-first=Nancy J. |editor3-last=Dawson |title=The Frederick Douglass Encyclopedia |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-313-31988-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA138 138]}}</ref>

===Ideological refinement===
[[File:Motto frederick douglass 2.jpg|thumb|Frederick Douglass in 1856, around 38 years of age]]
In 1850, Douglass was elected the vice president of the [[American League of Colored Laborers]], the first black labor union in the United States, which he had also helped found.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Jonathan |date=January 4, 2011 |title=American League of Colored Laborers (1850-?) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/american-league-colored-laborers-1850/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205065637/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/american-league-colored-laborers-1850/ |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |access-date=April 26, 2024 |website=[[BlackPast.org]]}}</ref> Meanwhile, in 1851, he merged the ''North Star'' with [[Gerrit Smith]]'s Liberty Party paper to form ''Frederick Douglass' Paper'',<ref>Blight, David W., ''Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom'', p. 213.</ref> which was published until 1859.<ref>[https://nyheritage.org/collections/frederick-douglass-paper Frederick Douglass' Paper]</ref>

On July 5, 1852, Douglass delivered an address in  [[Corinthian Hall (Rochester, New York)|Corinthian Hall]] at a meeting organized by the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society. This speech eventually became known as "[[What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?]]"; one biographer called it "perhaps the greatest antislavery oration ever given."<ref>{{Cite book |last=McFeely |first=William S. |author-link=William S. McFeely |url=https://archive.org/details/frederickdouglas00will_0 |title=Frederick Douglass |date=1991 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |isbn=978-0-393-02823-2 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/frederickdouglas00will_0/page/173/mode/2up 173] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1853, he was a prominent attendee of the radical abolitionist National African American Convention in Rochester. Douglass was one of five people whose names were attached to the address of the convention to the people of the United States published under the title, ''The Claims of Our Common Cause''. The other four were [[Amos Noë Freeman]], [[James Monroe Whitfield]], [[Henry O. Wagoner]], and [[George Boyer Vashon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |url=https://archive.org/details/frederickdouglas00fred |title=Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings |date=1999 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1-55652-349-6 |editor-last=Foner |editor-first=Philip S. |editor-link=Philip Foner |location=Chicago |pages=[https://archive.org/details/frederickdouglas00fred/page/260/mode/2up 260]–271 |editor-last2=Taylor |editor-first2=Yuval |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Like many abolitionists, Douglass believed that education would be crucial for African Americans to improve their lives; he was an early advocate for [[School integration in the United States|school desegregation]]. In the 1850s, Douglass observed that New York's facilities and instruction for African American children were vastly inferior to those for European Americans. Douglass called for court action to open all schools to all children. He said that full inclusion within the educational system was a more pressing need for African Americans than political issues such as suffrage.

===John Brown===
[[File:Douglass argued against John Brown's plan to attack the arsenal at Harpers Ferry - NARA - 559102.jpg|thumb|''Douglass argued against John Brown's plan to attack the arsenal at Harpers Ferry'', painting by [[Jacob Lawrence]]]]
{{see also|Shields Green}}
On March 12, 1859, Douglass met with radical abolitionists [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], [[George DeBaptiste]], and others at William Webb's house in Detroit to discuss emancipation.<ref>''9Underground Railroad'', US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center. Diane Publishing, 1995, p. 168. {{ISBN?}}</ref> Douglass met Brown again when Brown visited his home two months before leading [[John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry|the raid on Harpers Ferry]]. Brown penned his [[John Brown's Provisional Constitution|Provisional Constitution]] during his two-week stay with Douglass. Also staying with Douglass for over a year was [[Shields Green]], a fugitive slave whom Douglass was helping, as he often did.

Shortly before the raid, Douglass, taking Green with him, travelled from Rochester, via New York City, to [[Chambersburg, Pennsylvania]], Brown's communications headquarters. He was recognized there by black people, who asked him for a lecture. Douglass agreed, although he said his only topic was slavery. Green joined him on the stage; Brown, [[wikt:incognito|incognito]], sat in the audience. A white reporter, referring to "Nigger Democracy", called it a "flaming address" by "the notorious Negro Orator".<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 24, 1859 |title=High Treason! |page=5 |work=Franklin Repository |location=[[Chambersburg, Pennsylvania]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74855203/lecture-by-frederick-douglass/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201002/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74855203/lecture-by-frederick-douglass/ |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |via=[[newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

There, in an abandoned stone quarry for secrecy, Douglass and Green met with Brown and [[John Henri Kagi]], to discuss the raid. After discussions lasting, as Douglass put it, "a day and a night", he disappointed Brown by declining to join him, considering the mission suicidal. To Douglass's surprise, Green went with Brown instead of returning to Rochester with Douglass. Anne Brown said that Green told her that Douglass promised to pay him on his return, but [[David Blight]] called this "much more ex post facto bitterness than reality".<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeCaro |first=Louis A. Jr. |title=The Untold Story of Shields Green: The Life and Death of a Harper's Ferry Raider |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4798-0275-3 |pages=172–174}}</ref>

Almost all that is known about this incident comes from Douglass. It is clear that it was of immense importance to him, both as a turning point in his life—not accompanying John Brown—and its importance in his public image. The meeting was not revealed by Douglass for 20 years. He first disclosed it in his speech on John Brown at [[Storer College]] in 1881, trying unsuccessfully to raise money to support a John Brown professorship at Storer, to be held by a black man. He again referred to it stunningly in his last ''Autobiography''.

After the raid, which took place between October 16 and 18, 1859, Douglass was accused both of supporting Brown and of not supporting him enough.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1995 |title=His Soul Goes Marching On. Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid |publisher=[[University Press of Virginia]] |location=Charlottesville |last=Drescher |first=Seymour |author-link=Seymour Drescher |editor-last=Finkelman |editor-first=Paul |editor-link=Paul Finkelman |page=275 |isbn=978-0-8139-1536-4 |contribution=Servile Insurrection and John Brown's Body in Europe}}</ref> He was nearly arrested on a Virginia warrant,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |date=November 11, 1859 |orig-date=October 31, 1859 |title=Letter from Frederick Douglass |page=1 |work=[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]] |location=Boston|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73678456/letter-from-frederick-douglass/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201032/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73678456/letter-from-frederick-douglass/ |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |via=[[newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 27, 1859 |title=Supposed Search for Fred. Douglass |page=8 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73841684/search-for-fredeick-douglass/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413202918/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73841684/search-for-fredeick-douglass/ |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |via=[[newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |date=March 7, 1874 |title=John Brown |page=1 |work=Shepherdstown Register |location=[[Shepherdstown, West Virginia]] |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SR18740307 |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201159/https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SR18740307 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |via=VirginiaChronicle}}</ref> and fled for a brief time to Canada before proceeding onward to England on a previously planned lecture tour, arriving near the end of November.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/collections/frederick-douglass-papers/articles-and-essays/frederick-douglass-timeline/1847-to-1859 "Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress, Timeline, 1847 to 1859]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227095331/https://www.loc.gov/collections/frederick-douglass-papers/articles-and-essays/frederick-douglass-timeline/1847-to-1859/ |date=February 27, 2019 }}, U.S. Library of Congress.  Retrieved August 29, 2020</ref> During his lecture tour of Great Britain, on March 26, 1860, Douglass delivered a speech before the Scottish Anti-Slavery Society in [[Glasgow]], "[[The Constitution of the United States: is it pro-slavery or anti-slavery?]]", outlining his views on the American Constitution.<ref>Frederick Douglass (1860), [https://web.archive.org/web/20191005195305/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/1860-frederick-douglass-constitution-united-states-it-pro-slavery-or-anti-slavery/ "The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery?"] – via ''[[BlackPast]]'', March 15, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2020.</ref> That month, on the 13th, Douglass's youngest daughter Annie died in [[Rochester, New York]], at age 10. Douglass sailed back from England the following month, traveling through Canada to avoid detection.

Years later, in 1881, Douglass shared a stage at Storer College in [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]] with [[Andrew Hunter (lawyer)|Andrew Hunter]], the prosecutor who secured Brown's conviction and execution. Hunter congratulated Douglass.<ref name="douglassdover">{{Cite book |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |url=https://archive.org/details/johnbrownaddress00doug/page/n1/mode/2up |title=John Brown. An address by Frederick Douglass, at the fourteenth anniversary of Storer College, Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, May 30, 1881 |date=1881 |location=Dover, New Hampshire |publisher=Dover, N.H., Morning Star job printing house |pages=3–4}}</ref>

===Photography===
Douglass considered photography very important in ending slavery and racism, and believed that the camera would not lie, even in the hands of a racist white person, as photographs were an excellent counter to many racist caricatures, particularly in [[blackface]] [[minstrel show|minstrelsy]]. He was the most photographed American of the 19th century, consciously using photography to advance his political views.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=John Stauffer |url=http://books.wwnorton.com/books/picturing-frederick-douglass/ |title=Picturing Frederick Douglass: An Illustrated Biography of the Nineteenth Century's Most Photographed American |last2=Zoe Trodd |last3=Celeste-Marie Bernier |last4=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |last5=Kenneth B. Morris Jr. |date= 2015 |publisher=Liveright (imprint of Norton) |isbn=978-0-87140-468-8 |edition=revised |page=320 |format=hardcover |access-date=August 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806065824/http://books.wwnorton.com/books/picturing-frederick-douglass/ |archive-date=August 6, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=David Brooks |author-link=David Brooks (journalist) |date=August 2, 2016 |title=How Artists Change the World |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/opinion/how-artists-change-the-world.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=August 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805211005/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/opinion/how-artists-change-the-world.html?_r=0 |archive-date=August 5, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He never smiled, specifically so as not to play into the racist caricature of a happy enslaved person. He tended to look directly into the camera and confront the viewer with a stern look.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gregory |first=Jennifer Beeson |date=March 15, 2016 |title=Who's the most photographed American man of the 19th Century? Hint: It's not Lincoln |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2016/03/15/douglass/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822122637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2016/03/15/douglass/ |archive-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 13, 2015 |title=Picture This: Frederick Douglass Was The Most Photographed Man Of His Time – interview by Michel Martin of John Stauffer, author of ''Picturing Frederick Douglass'' |work=NPR.org |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/12/13/459593474/picture-this-frederick-douglass-was-the-most-photographed-man-of-his-time |url-status=live |access-date=May 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504082153/http://www.npr.org/2015/12/13/459593474/picture-this-frederick-douglass-was-the-most-photographed-man-of-his-time |archive-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref>