Editing Foreign relations of Argentina (section)

== Issues ==

=== Sovereignty claims ===
[[File:Argentine map of Argentina.png|thumb|right|Territory claimed by Argentina]]
Argentina claims part of Antarctica as [[Argentine Antarctica]], an area within the [[25th meridian west|25° West]] and [[74th meridian west|74° West]] meridians and the [[60th parallel south|60° South]] parallel. This claim overlaps the [[British Antarctic Territory|British]] and [[Antártica Chilena Province|Chilean claims]], though all territorial claims in Antarctica are currently suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty System]]. Argentina also claims the [[British overseas territories]] of the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]. In addition a {{convert|50|km|mi}} long border with [[Chile]] in the [[Southern Patagonian Ice Field]] is awaiting demarcation as required under a 1998 treaty.

On 22 April 2009, the Argentine government submitted a claim to the United Nations (UN) for {{convert|1700000|km2|mi2}} of ocean territory to be recognised as Argentina's [[continental shelf]] as governed by the [[Convention on the Continental Shelf]] and [[Convention on the Law of the Sea]].<ref name="bbc-2009-04-22">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8011539.stm|work=BBC News |access-date=2009-04-22|title=Argentina claims vast ocean area | date=22 April 2009|first=Candace|last=Piette}}</ref> Argentina claims to have spent 11 years investigating the matter and submitted {{convert|800|kg|lb}} of documents in support of the claim.<ref name="bbc-2009-04-22"/> If the claim is recognised by the UN then Argentina will gain the rights to the commercial exploitation of the sea bed (which includes mining and oil drilling). The new claim will add to the existing {{convert|4800000|km2|mi2}} of commercial shelf already managed by Argentina and includes the disputed [[British overseas territories]] of the [[Falkland Islands|Falklands]], [[South Georgia]], the [[South Sandwich Islands]] as well as parts of Antarctica that are also disputed by Chile.<ref name="bbc-2009-04-22"/>

As of 2016, the UN [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf]] (CLCS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/clcs_home.htm|title=CLCS - HOME PAGE|website=www.un.org|access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref> decided to expand Argentina maritime territory in the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] by 35% thus increasing by {{convert|1700000|km2|mi2}} its territorial waters, fixing the limit of its territory at {{convert|200|to|350|nmi}} from its coast.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/29/falkland-islands-argentina-waters-rules-un-commission|title=Falkland Islands lie in Argentinian waters, UN commission rules|agency=Associated Press|date=2016-03-29|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-07-11|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.infobae.com/politica/2017/03/22/argentina-sumo-mas-de-1-600-kilometros-cuadrados-a-su-plataforma-continental/|title=Argentina sumó más de 1.600 kilómetros cuadrados a su plataforma continental|work=Infobae|access-date=2017-07-11|language=es-LA}}</ref> However, this ruling did not increase Argentina's [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) which is calculated differently and over which the CLCS has no authority to make a determination.<ref name="Steinberg">{{cite web |last1=Steinberg |first1=Philip |title=Falklands row adds up to much ado about not much in the South Atlantic |url=https://theconversation.com/falklands-row-adds-up-to-much-ado-about-not-much-in-the-south-atlantic-56956 |website=The Conversation |date=29 March 2016 |publisher=The Conversation Media Group Ltd |access-date=9 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Purpose, functions and sessions |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_purpose.htm |website=Oceans and Law of the Sea - United Nations |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> In fact, the CLCS finding is likely to strengthen the UK’s claim to the contested seabed around the islands because the CLCS finding makes it more likely that the seabed between the islands and the Argentine mainland needs to be shared.<ref name="Steinberg"/> The UN CLCS ruling included a caveat referencing the unresolved diplomatic dispute between Argentina and the [[United Kingdom]] over the Falkland Islands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/falkland-islands-argentinian-waters-argentina-un-united-nations-commission-on-the-limits-of-the-a6957611.html|title=The UN rules that the Falklands are in Argentina|date=2016-03-29|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-07-11|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Other incidents ===
Argentina, through its [[Prefectura Naval Argentina|Coast Guard]] and [[Argentine Navy|Navy]], has been traditionally greatly involved in fishery protection in the [[Argentine Sea]] with the first major incidents tracing back to the 1960s when a destroyer fired and holed a Russian trawler<ref>[Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1947–1995]</ref> and continued through recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/persecucion-y-captura-de-un-pesquero-nid8194|title=Persecución y captura de un pesquero|date=8 March 2000|website=www.lanacion.com.ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/incendian-y-hunden-un-pesquero-para-evitar-su-captura-nid572152|title=Incendian y hunden un pesquero para evitar su captura|date=11 February 2004|website=www.lanacion.com.ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/para-evitar-su-captura-el-capitan-de-un-pesquero-hundio-el-barco-nid384762|title=Para evitar su captura, el capitán de un pesquero hundió el barco|date=30 March 2002|website=www.lanacion.com.ar}}</ref>
{{See also|Sinking of the Chian-der 3}}
In November 2006, an Argentine judge issued an arrest warrant for former Iranian President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] and eight other ex-officials in relation to the [[AMIA bombing|1994 bombing]] of the Jewish-Argentine Mutual Association (AMIA) community center in Buenos Aires which killed 85 people.<ref name="bbc-2006-11-09">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6134066.stm|work=BBC News |access-date=2009-04-22|title=Argentina seeks Rafsanjani arrest | date=9 November 2006}}</ref> Iran refused to carry out the arrest demanded by the warrant claiming it to be a "Zionist plot".<ref name="bbc-2006-11-09"/> As a result, President Néstor Kirchner ordered the [[List of law enforcement agencies#Argentina|security forces]] to be on the alert for incidents similar to the 1994 bombing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=858650&high=rafsanjani |title=Data |website=buscador.lanacion.com.ar |access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>

Argentina has a dispute with neighboring Uruguay about two pulp mills on the Uruguay side of the shared [[Uruguay River]] near the Argentine city of [[Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos|Gualeguaychú]].<ref name="bbc-2006-02-15">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4716036.stm|work=BBC News |access-date=2009-04-22|title=River row divides former friends | date=15 February 2006|first=Daniel|last=Schweimler}}</ref> Residents of Gualeguaychú, concerned about pollution from the mills, blockaded bridges across the river in 2006.<ref name="bbc-2006-02-15"/> The case was brought before the [[International Court of Justice]]. Meanwhile, the denial of preliminary measures in July 2006 allowed the mills to begin functioning.<ref name="bbc-2006-07-13">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/5175420.stm|work=BBC News |access-date=2009-04-22|title=Court allows Uruguay pulp mills | date=13 July 2006}}</ref> An ICJ decision was released in 2010. It found that Uruguay had broken its 1985 treaty obligation to consultant Argentina before building the mills but that Argentine claims of pollution caused by the new mills were not backed by the evidence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) - OVERVIEW OF THE CASE |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/135 |website=INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref>