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===History: 19th and 20th centuries=== Concerns over food safety led to numerous regulations throughout the world. German food regulations released in 1882 stipulated the exclusion of dangerous "minerals" such as arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, and zinc, which were frequently used as ingredients in colorants.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Hastings |first= Robert W. |editor-last= Hamilton |editor-first= John B. |title= Human Food Laws |journal= Journal of the American Medical Association |volume= 30 |issue= 1–13 |pages= 419–421 |date= January–March 1898 |access-date= 17 Feb 2014 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ilIKAQAAMAAJ |doi=10.1001/jama.1898.72440600019002e}}</ref> In contrast to today's regulatory guidelines, these first laws followed the principle of a negative listing (substances not allowed for use); they were already driven by the main principles of today's food regulations all over the world, since all of these regulations follow the same goal: the protection of consumers from toxic substances and from fraud.<ref name="Arlt" /> In the United States, the [[s:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906|Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906]] reduced the permitted list of synthetic colors from 700 down to seven.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Meadows |first= Michelle |title= A Century of Ensuring Safe Foods and Cosmetics |journal= FDA Consumer Magazine |issue= January–February |publisher= FDA |year= 2006 |volume= 40 |pages= 6–13 |pmid= 16528821 |url=https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/FOrgsHistory/CFSAN/ucm083863.htm |access-date= 21 Feb 2014 }}</ref> The seven dyes initially approved were [[Ponceau 3R]] (FD&C Red No. 1), [[Amaranth (dye)|amaranth]] (FD&C Red No. 2), [[erythrosine]] (FD&C Red No. 3), [[indigotine]] (FD&C Blue No. 2), [[light green SF]] (FD&C Green No. 2), [[naphthol yellow 1]] (FD&C Yellow No. 1), and [[orange 1]] (FD&C Orange No. 1). Even with updated food laws, adulteration continued for many years. In the 20th century, improved chemical analysis and testing led to the replacement of the negative lists by positive listings. Positive lists consist of substances allowed to be used for the production and the improvement of foods. Most prevailing legislations are based on positive listing.<ref name="Arlt" /> Positive listing implies that substances meant for human consumption have been tested for their safety, and that they have to meet specified purity criteria prior to their approval by the corresponding authorities. In 1962, the first [[Directive (European Union)|EU directive]] (62/2645/EEC) approved 36 colorants, of which 20 were naturally derived and 16 were [[Synthetic colorant|synthetic]].<ref>EEC: Council Directive on the approximation of the rules of the Member States concerning the coloring matters authorized for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumption OJ 115, 11.11.1962, p. 2645–2654 (DE, FR, IT, NL) English special edition: Series I Volume 1959–1962 p. 279–290</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=DD:I:1959-1962:31962L2645:EN:PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316190346/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=DD:I:1959-1962:31962L2645:EN:PDF|url-status=dead|title=62/2645/EEC|archivedate=March 16, 2014}}</ref> This directive did not list which food products the colorants could or could not be used in. At that time, each [[Member state of the European Union|member state]] could designate where certain colors could and could not be used. In Germany, for example, [[Quinoline Yellow WS|quinoline yellow]] was allowed in puddings and desserts, but [[tartrazine]] was not. The reverse was true in France.<ref name="cook" /> This was updated in 1989 with 89/107/EEC, which concerned food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs.<ref>Council Directive 89/107/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumption OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 27–33 (ES, DA, DE, EL, EN, FR, IT, NL, PT)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1989:040:0027:0033:EN:PDF|title=89/107/EEC}}</ref>
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