Editing Fever (section)

==Diagnosis==
{{HumanTemperature}}
A range for [[Normal human body temperature|normal temperatures]] has been found.<ref name=CC09 /><!-- defined by template:HumanTemperature --> Central temperatures, such as rectal temperatures, are more accurate than peripheral temperatures.<ref name = Niven2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB, Mrklas KJ, Roberts DJ, Stelfox HT | s2cid = 4004360 | title = Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 163 | issue = 10 | pages = 768–777 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26571241 | doi = 10.7326/M15-1150 }}</ref>
Fever is generally agreed to be present if the elevated temperature<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fever - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Mayo Clinic }}</ref> is caused by a raised set point and:
* Temperature in the [[Human anus|anus]] (rectum/rectal) is at or over {{convert|37.5|–|38.3|C|F|1}}.<ref name=NC08/><ref name="CC09"/><!-- defined by template:HumanTemperature --> An [[ear]] (tympanic) or [[forehead]] (temporal) temperature may also be used.<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring a Baby's Temperature |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/measuring-a-babys-temperature |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103102816/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/measuring-a-babys-temperature |archive-date=3 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tips for taking your child's temperature |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/thermometer/art-20047410 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=10 September 2019 }}</ref>
* Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over {{convert|37.2|C|F}} in the morning or over {{convert|37.7|C|F}} in the afternoon<ref name=Harrisons20th/><ref name=Reiew09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barone JE | title = Fever: Fact and fiction | journal = The Journal of Trauma | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 406–409 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19667898 | doi = 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a5f335 }}</ref>
* Temperature under the arm (axillary) is usually about {{convert|0.6|C-change|F-change}} below core body temperature.<ref name="Pecoraro Petri Costantino Squizzato pp. 1071–1083">{{cite journal | last1=Pecoraro | first1=Valentina | last2=Petri | first2=Davide | last3=Costantino | first3=Giorgio | last4=Squizzato | first4=Alessandro | last5=Moja | first5=Lorenzo | last6=Virgili | first6=Gianni | last7=Lucenteforte | first7=Ersilia | title=The diagnostic accuracy of digital, infrared and mercury-in-glass thermometers in measuring body temperature: a systematic review and network meta-analysis | journal=Internal and Emergency Medicine | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=16 | issue=4 | date=2020-11-25 | issn=1828-0447 | doi=10.1007/s11739-020-02556-0 | pages=1071–1083| pmid=33237494 | pmc=7686821 }}</ref>

In adults, the [[Normal human body temperature|normal range]] of temperatures in healthy individuals is {{convert|36.32|–|37.76|C|F|1}} (rectal), {{convert|35.76|–|37.52|C|F|1}} ([[tympanic membrane|ear]]), {{convert|35.61|–|37.61|C|F|1}} (urine), {{convert|35.73|–|37.41|C|F|1}} (oral), and {{convert|35.01|–|36.93|C|F|1}} (axillary), with no significant gender differences.<ref name="geneva2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz032 |title=Normal Body Temperature: A Systematic Review |date=2019 |last1=Geneva |first1=Ivayla I. |last2=Cuzzo |first2=Brian |last3=Fazili |first3=Tasaduq |last4=Javaid |first4=Waleed |journal=Open Forum Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=ofz032 |pmid=30976605 |pmc=6456186 }}</ref>

Normal body temperatures vary depending on many factors, including age, sex, time of day, ambient temperature, activity level, and more.<ref name="Garami">{{Cite journal|last1=Garami|first1=András|last2=Székely|first2=Miklós|date=2014-05-06|title=Body temperature|journal=Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal|volume=1|issue=1|pages=28–29|doi=10.4161/temp.29060|issn=2332-8940|pmc=4972507|pmid=27583277}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327458|title=Body temperature: What is the new normal?|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|date=12 January 2020|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>  Normal daily temperature variation has been described as 0.5&nbsp;°C (0.9&nbsp;°F).<ref name=Harrisons20th/>{{rp|4012}}  A raised temperature is not always a fever.<ref name="Garami" />  For example, the temperature rises in healthy people when they exercise, but this is not considered a fever, as the set point is normal.<ref name="Garami" /> On the other hand, a "normal" temperature may be a fever, if it is unusually high for that person; for example, [[medically frail]] elderly people have a decreased ability to generate body heat, so a "normal" temperature of {{convert|37.3|C|F}} may represent a clinically significant fever.<ref name="Garami" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alsalamah |first1=M |last2=Alrehaili |first2=B |last3=Almoamary |first3=A |last4=Al-Juad |first4=A |last5=Badri |first5=M |last6=El-Metwally |first6=A |title=The optimal oral body temperature cutoff and other factors predictive of sepsis diagnosis in elderly patients. |journal=Annals of Thoracic Medicine |date=July 2022 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=159–165 |doi=10.4103/atm.atm_52_22 |pmid=35968398|pmc=9374123 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Associated conditions ===
Fever is a common [[symptom]] of many medical conditions:

* [[Infectious disease]], e.g., [[COVID-19]],<ref name="Rod2020" /> [[dengue]], [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[HIV]], [[influenza]], [[Lyme disease]], [[rocky mountain spotted fever]], [[Syphilis#Secondary|secondary syphilis]], [[malaria]], [[infectious mononucleosis|mononucleosis]], as well as infections of the skin, e.g., [[abscess]]es and [[boils]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raoult |first1=Didier |last2=Levy |first2=Pierre-Yves |last3=Dupont |first3=Hervé Tissot |last4=Chicheportiche |first4=Colette |last5=Tamalet |first5=Catherine |last6=Gastaut |first6=Jean-Albert |last7=Salducci |first7=Jacques |date=January 1993 |title=Q fever and HIV infection |url=http://journals.lww.com/00002030-199301000-00012 |journal=AIDS |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1097/00002030-199301000-00012 |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=8442921}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=French |first1=Neil |last2=Nakiyingi |first2=Jessica |last3=Lugada |first3=Eric |last4=Watera |first4=Christine |last5=Whitworth |first5=James A. G. |last6=Gilks |first6=Charles F. |date=May 2001 |title=Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults |url=https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx |url-status=live |journal=AIDS |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=899–906 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200105040-00010 |issn=0269-9370 |pmid=11399962 |s2cid=25470703 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222192422/https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx |archive-date=2022-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=D. L. |last2=Weisfeld |first2=J. S. |last3=Webb |first3=P. A. |last4=Johnson |first4=K. M. |last5=Cairns |first5=T. |last6=Berquist |first6=H. |date=1980-09-01 |title=Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977–1978 |journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=372–376 |doi=10.1093/infdis/142.3.372 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=7441008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feldmann |first1=Heinz |last2=Geisbert |first2=Thomas W |date=March 2011 |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever |journal=The Lancet |volume=377 |issue=9768 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60667-8 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=3406178 |pmid=21084112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oakley |first1=Miranda S. |last2=Gerald |first2=Noel |last3=McCutchan |first3=Thomas F. |last4=Aravind |first4=L. |last5=Kumar |first5=Sanjai |date=October 2011 |title=Clinical and molecular aspects of malaria fever |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=442–449 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.004 |issn=1471-4922 |pmid=21795115}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Colunga-Salas |first1=Pablo |last2=Sánchez-Montes |first2=Sokani |last3=Volkow |first3=Patricia |last4=Ruíz-Remigio |first4=Adriana |last5=Becker |first5=Ingeborg |date=2020-09-17 |title=Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico: An overview of human and wildlife infections |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e0238496 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1538496C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238496 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7497999 |pmid=32941463 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Immunology|Immunological]] diseases, e.g., [[relapsing polychondritis]],<ref name="Puechal 2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Puéchal X, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Guillevin L, Le Jeunne C |date=March 2014 |title=Relapsing polychondritis |journal=Joint, Bone, Spine |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=118–124 |doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001 |pmid=24556284 |s2cid=205754989}}</ref> [[autoimmune hepatitis]], [[granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], [[Horton disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]s, [[Kawasaki disease]], [[lupus erythematosus]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Adult-onset Still's disease|Still's disease]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]] and [[psoriasis]];{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
* Tissue destruction, as a result of [[cerebral hemorrhage|cerebral bleeding]], [[crush syndrome]], [[hemolysis]], [[infarction]], [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[surgery]], etc.;<ref>{{Citation |last=Arnhold |first=Jürgen |title=Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders |date=2020 |work=Cell and Tissue Destruction |pages=249–287 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |access-date=2022-04-22 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |isbn=9780128163887 |s2cid=209284148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Arnhold, Jürgen |title=Cell and tissue destruction: mechanisms, protection, disorders |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-12-816388-7 |oclc=1120070914}}</ref>
* [[Cancer]]s, particularly blood cancers such as [[leukemia]] and [[lymphoma]]s;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms of Cancer {{!}} Do I Have Cancer? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-cancer.html |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=www.cancer.org}}</ref>
* [[Metabolic disorder]]s, e.g., [[gout]], and [[porphyria]];<ref>{{Cite book |author=Centerwall, Willard R. |title=Phenylketonuria: an inherited metabolic disorder associated with mental retardation |date=1965 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Children's Bureau |oclc=392284}}</ref> and<ref>{{Citation |title=Metabolic Disorder |date=2020-02-07 |work=Definitions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/7344b1 |access-date=2022-04-22 |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/7344b1 |s2cid=42063856}}</ref>
* Inherited metabolic disorder, e.g., [[Fabry disease]].<ref name="Harrisons20th" />
Adult and pediatric manifestations for the same disease may differ; for instance, in [[COVID-19]], one metastudy describes 92.8% of adults versus 43.9% of children presenting with fever.<ref name="Rod2020" />

In addition, fever can result from a reaction to an incompatible blood product.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Laura |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/ |title=Blood transfusions and the immune system |date=2005 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)}}</ref>