Editing Environmental determinism (section)

=== Llamas, chuño and the Inca Empire ===
{{See also|Vertical archipelago}}
[[Carl Troll]] has argued that the development of the [[Inca Empire|Inca state]] in the central [[Andes]] was aided by conditions that allow for the elaboration of the [[staple food]] [[chuño]]. Chuño, which can be stored for long times, is made of [[potato]] dried at [[Freezing#Food preservation|freezing]] temperatures that are common at nighttime in the southern [[Peru]]vian highlands. Contradicting the link between the Inca state and dried potato is that other crops such as [[maize]] can also be preserved with only sun.<ref name=Gade2016 /> Troll also argued that [[llama]]s, the Incas' [[pack animal]], can be found in their largest numbers in this very same region.<ref name=Gade2016>{{cite book | last=Gade | first=Daniel W. | date=2016 | title=Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical essays on an Andean valley in space and time | chapter=Urubamba verticality: Reflections on crops and diseases | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-20849-7_3 | pages=83–129, at p. 86 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgG0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-319-20848-0}}</ref> It is worth considering that the maximum extent of the Inca Empire coincided with the greatest distribution of [[alpaca]]s and llamas.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hardoy | first=Jorge Henríque | date=1973 | title=Pre-Columbian cities | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbQJBAAAQBAJ&q=llama+inca+expansion+colombia+limi&pg=PA24 | page=24 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-8027-0380-4}}</ref> As a third point Troll pointed out [[Irrigation in Peru|irrigation]] technology as advantageous to the Inca state-building.<ref name=Gade1996>{{cite journal | last1=Gade | first1=Daniel W. | date=1996 | title=Carl Troll on nature and culture in the Andes | language=en | journal=[[Erdkunde]] | volume=50 | issue=4 | pages=301–316 | doi=10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.02}}</ref> While Troll theorized environmental influences on the Inca Empire, he opposed environmental determinism, arguing that culture lay at the core of the Inca civilization.<ref name=Gade1996 />