Editing English Civil War (section)

===The Long Parliament===
{{Main|Long Parliament}}
[[File:Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_(of_England)_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|A sitting of the [[Long Parliament]], 1640]]
[[File:Attempted Arrest of the Five members by Charles West Cope.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|The king's attempt to arrest the [[Five Members]], depicted in a 19th-century painting.]]
The new Parliament proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor. It immediately began to discuss grievances against him and his government, with Pym and [[John Hampden|Hampden]] in the lead. They took the opportunity presented by the King's troubles to force various reforming measures – including many with strong "anti-[[Popery|Papist]]" themes – upon him.{{Sfn|Purkiss|2007|pp=104–105}} The members passed a law stating that a new Parliament would convene at least once every three years – without the King's summons if need be. Other laws passed making it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent and later gave Parliament control over the King's ministers.{{Sfn|Purkiss|2007|pp=104–105}}

Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up. These laws equated to a tremendous increase in Parliamentary power. Ever since, this Parliament has been known as the [[Long Parliament]]. However, Parliament did attempt to avert conflict by requiring all adults to sign [[Protestation of 1641|The Protestation]], an oath of allegiance to Charles.{{Efn|See {{Harvnb|Walter|1999|p=294}}, for some of the complexities of how the Protestation was interpreted by different political actors.}}

Early in the Long Parliament, the house overwhelmingly accused [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Thomas Wentworth]] (now Earl of Strafford) of high treason and other crimes and misdemeanors. [[Henry Vane the Younger]] supplied evidence of Strafford's claimed improper use of the army in Ireland, alleging that he had encouraged the King to use his Ireland-raised forces to threaten England into compliance. This evidence was obtained from Vane's father, [[Henry Vane the Elder]], a member of the King's Privy Council, who refused to confirm it in Parliament out of loyalty to Charles. On 10 April 1641, Pym's case collapsed, but Pym made a direct appeal to the Younger Vane to produce a copy of the notes from the King's Privy Council, discovered by the Younger Vane and secretly turned over to Pym, to the great anguish of the Elder Vane.{{Sfn|Upham|1836|p=187}} These notes contained evidence that Strafford had told the King, "Sir, you have done your duty, and your subjects have failed in theirs; and therefore you are absolved from the rules of government, and may supply yourself by extraordinary ways; you have an army in Ireland, with which you may reduce the kingdom."{{Sfn|Upham|1836|p=187}}{{Sfn|Hibbert|1968|p=154}}{{Sfn|Carlton|1995|p=224}}

Pym immediately launched a [[Bill of attainder|Bill of Attainder]] stating Strafford's guilt and demanding that he be put to death.{{Sfn|Carlton|1995|p=224}} Unlike a guilty verdict in a court case, attainder did not require a [[legal burden of proof]] to be met, but it did require the king's approval. Charles, however, guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder, without which the bill could not be passed.{{Sfn|Carlton|1995|p=225}} Furthermore, the Lords opposed the severity of a death sentence on Strafford. Yet increased tensions and [[First Army Plot|a plot in the army]] to support Strafford began to sway the issue.{{Sfn|Carlton|1995|p=225}}

On 21 April, the Commons passed the Bill (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 250 abstained),{{Sfn|Smith|1999|p=123}} and the Lords acquiesced. Charles, still incensed over the Commons' handling of Buckingham, refused his assent. Strafford himself, hoping to head off the war he saw looming, wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider.{{Sfn|Abbott|2020}} Charles, fearing for the safety of his family, signed on 10 May.{{Sfn|Smith|1999|p=123}} Strafford was beheaded two days later.{{Sfn|Coward|1994|p=191}} In the meantime, both Parliament and the King agreed to an independent investigation into the king's involvement in Strafford's plot.

The Long Parliament then passed the [[Triennial Act 1640]], also known as the Dissolution Act, in May 1641, to which [[royal assent]] was readily granted.{{Sfn|Carlton|1995|p=222}}{{Sfn|Kenyon|1978|p=127}} The Triennial Act required Parliament to be summoned at least once in three years. When the king failed to issue a proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. This act also forbade ship money without Parliament's consent, fines in distraint of knighthood, and forced loans. Monopolies were cut back sharply, the courts of the [[Star Chamber]] and [[Court of High Commission|High Commission]] abolished by the [[Habeas Corpus Act 1640]], and the Triennial Act respectively.{{Sfn|Gregg|1981|p=335}}

All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the [[Tonnage and Poundage Act 1640]].{{Sfn|Kenyon|1978|page=129}} On 3 May, Parliament decreed [[Protestation of 1641|The Protestation]], attacking the 'wicked counsels' of Charles's government, whereby those who signed the petition undertook to defend 'the true reformed religion', Parliament, and the king's person, honour and estate. Throughout May, the House of Commons launched several bills attacking bishops and Episcopalianism in general, each time defeated in the Lords.{{Sfn|Kenyon|1978|p=130}}{{Sfn|Abbott|2020}}

Charles and his Parliament hoped that the execution of Strafford and the Protestation would end the drift towards war, but in fact, they encouraged it. Charles and his supporters continued to resent Parliament's demands, and Parliamentarians continued to suspect Charles of wanting to impose [[Episcopal polity|episcopalianism]] and unfettered royal rule by military force. Within months, the Irish Catholics, fearing a resurgence of Protestant power, [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|struck first]], and all Ireland soon descended into chaos.{{Sfn|Purkiss|2007|pp=109–113}} Rumours circulated that the King supported the Irish, and Puritan members of the Commons soon started murmuring that this exemplified the fate that Charles had in store for them all.<ref>See {{Harvnb|Purkiss|2007|p=113}} for concerns of a similar English Catholic rising.</ref>

On 4 January 1642, Charles, followed by 400 soldiers, entered the House of Commons and attempted to arrest [[five members]] on a charge of treason.<ref name="Sherwood-1997-41">{{Harvnb|Sherwood|1997|p=41}}.</ref> The members had learned that he was coming and escaped. Charles not only failed to arrest them but turned more people against him.{{Sfn|Hibbert|1993|p=32}}