Editing Energy-efficient landscaping (section)

=== Pervious (porous/permeable) paving ===

A lot pavement in urban and suburban areas is impervious, this likely would result the contaminated [[stormwater]] runoff. In pre-development area, averagely 50% of storm-water would result in [[evapotranspiration]], 5% in runoff, and 45% in [[Infiltration (hydrology)|infiltration]], whereas in post-development area, only 35% storm-water result in evapotranspiration, and 50% in runoff, and 15% in infiltration. This change has caused various problem, such as flooding, infrastructural damage due to rapid movement of water, and [[Water pollution|water contamination]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Permeable Pavements|url=https://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/LocalPrograms/LTAP/Documents/Permeable_Pavements_Workshop_-_February_8,_2018.pdf|website=Pervious Pavement}}</ref>

By using [[Permeable paving|pervious paving]], however, the amount of infiltrated storm-water will be increased in post-development area, and the pollutants in the filtrated water can be reduced; thus the problem can be mitigated. In Low Impact Development 2008 Conference, ASCE performed two bench-scale study to examine the effectiveness of permeable interlocking concrete pavement in terms of water flow rate and the role of microbial colonies in pollutant removal in the micro-environment of porous pavement.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rowe|first1=Amy A.|last2=Borst|first2=Michael|last3=O'Connor|first3=Thomas P.|title=Low Impact Development for Urban Ecosystem and Habitat Protection|date=2012-04-26|chapter=Pervious Pavement System Evaluation|chapter-url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/41009%28333%2925|language=EN|pages=1–9|doi=10.1061/41009(333)25|isbn=9780784410097}}</ref> The experiment shows 84% relative [[total suspended solids]] (TSS) removal on average, yet the increased relative removal over time suggests there is potentially solid buildup, and that may result system clogging and system failure. The evidence in pollutant removal proved the conclusion of the previous study that the annual pollutant runoff from the driveways was 86% lower for pervious driveways than impervious driveways.

Types of Pervious pavement include:<ref name=":2"/>

==== Porous asphalt ====
Advantage: Relatively low cost; Easy access to the material; Workers are experienced with it

Disadvantage: Susceptible to water damage; Usually used for short-term only; Low relative strength

==== Pervious concrete ====
Advantage: High structural strength; Easy access to the material

Disadvantage: Slow construction process; High initial cost

==== Permeable interlocking concrete paver ====
Advantage: Ease of Construction, Aesthetics, Ease of maintenance and repair

Disadvantage: High Cost; Only can be used for low speed road way                                                                                                                                                      
[[File:Rasenpflasterstein_1.jpg|thumb|Grid Pavement|284x284px]]

==== Grid pavement ====
Advantage: Wide variety of products; Relatively inexpensive; Ease of maintenance and repair

Disadvantage: Typically limited to parking areas

The decision among different permeable pavement types depends on the need of the project, available material and equipment, and budget.