Editing Emotional intelligence (section)

=== Trait model ===
Konstantinos V. Petrides proposed a conceptual distinction between the ability-based model and a [[Phenotypic trait|trait]]-based model of EI, developing the latter over many years in a number of publications.<ref name="pet2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrides KV, Furnham A | year = 2000 | title = On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 313–320 | doi=10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00195-6| citeseerx = 10.1.1.475.5285 }}</ref><ref name="petrides07">{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrides KV, Pita R, Kokkinaki F | title = The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space | journal = British Journal of Psychology | volume = 98 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 273–89 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17456273 | doi = 10.1348/000712606x120618 }}</ref> Trait EI is an individual's self-perceptions of their emotional abilities — as defined by Petrides, "a constellation of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality."<ref name="petrides07"/> This definition of EI encompasses behavioral dispositions and self-perceived abilities. It is measured by [[self-report inventory|self report]], as opposed to the ability-based model which attempts to measure actual abilities, which have proven resistant to scientific measurement. Trait EI is investigated within a [[personality psychology|personality]] framework.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrides KV, Furnham A | year = 2001 | title = Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies | journal = European Journal of Personality | volume = 15 | issue = 6| pages = 425–448 | doi=10.1002/per.416| s2cid = 144031083 }}</ref> An alternative label for the same construct is trait emotional [[self-efficacy]].{{Cn|date=September 2024}}

The trait EI model is general and subsumes the Goleman mixed model. The conceptualization of EI as a [[Trait theory|personality trait]] leads to a construct that lies outside the [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] of human [[Cognitive skill|cognitive ability]], distinguishing its operationalization and theory from other models.<ref name="pet2000"/>

==== Measurement ====
There are many self-report measures of EI,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pérez JC, Petrides PJ, Furnham A | chapter = Measuring trait emotional intelligence | veditors = Schulze R, Roberts RD | title = International Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. | publisher = Hogrefe & Huber | location = Cambridge, Mass. | year = 2005 | pages = 123–43 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.474.294 }}</ref> including the EQ-i, the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (SUEIT), and the Schutte EI model. As limited measures of trait emotional intelligence, these models do not assess intelligence, abilities, or skills.<ref name="petrides07" /> The most widely used and widely researched measure of self-report or [[self-schema]] emotional intelligence is the EQ-i 2.0.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the EQ-i 2.0 and emotional intelligence? |url=https://www.eitrainingcompany.com/eq-i/ |website=The Emotional Intelligence Training Company |access-date=22 September 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bar-On, R., & Parker, J. D. A. (Eds.) |title=The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace |date=2000}}</ref> Originally known as the [[Reuven Bar-On|BarOn]] EQ-i, it was the first self-report measure of emotional intelligence available, and the only measure predating Goleman's bestselling book.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020|reason=No sources are provided for this claim}}

The Petrides model is operationalized by the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrides KV, Furnham A | year = 2003 | title = Trait emotional intelligence: behavioral validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction | journal = European Journal of Personality | volume = 17 | pages = 39–75 | doi=10.1002/per.466| s2cid = 4287409 }}</ref> which encompasses 15 subscales organized under four factors: [[Quality of life|well-being]], [[self-control]], [[emotionality]], and [[sociability]]. In a 2007 study, the [[psychometrics|psychometric]] properties of the TEIQue have been found to be [[normally distributed]] and [[reliability (statistics)|reliable]].<ref name="Mikolajczak07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mikolajczak M, Luminet O, Leroy C, Roy E |date=June 2007 |title=Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire: factor structure, reliability, construct, and incremental validity in a French-speaking population |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=338–53 |doi=10.1080/00223890701333431 |pmid=17518555 |s2cid=21196733 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Researchers have found TEIQue scores to be unrelated to [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's matrices]] of non-verbal reasoning, which has been interpreted as support for the personality trait view of EI. TEIQue scores have also been found to be positively related to [[extraversion]], [[agreeableness]], [[openness to experience|openness]], [[conscientiousness]], while being inversely related to [[alexithymia]], [[neuroticism]]. A number of quantitative genetic studies have been carried out within the trait EI model, which have revealed significant genetic effects and heritabilities for all trait EI scores.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vernon PA, Petrides KV, Bratko D, Schermer JA | title = A behavioral genetic study of trait emotional intelligence | journal = Emotion | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18837613 | doi = 10.1037/a0013439 }}</ref> Two studies involving direct comparisons of multiple EI tests yielded favorable results for the TEIQue.<ref name="Martins_2010" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00049530903312857 | vauthors = Gardner JK, Qualter P | year = 2010 | title = Concurrent and incremental validity of three trait emotional intelligence measures | journal = Australian Journal of Psychology | volume = 62 | pages = 5–12 }}</ref>