Editing Eminent domain (section)

===Italy===
[[File:Espropria graffiti in Turin October 2016.jpg|thumb|{{lang|it|Espropria}}, "expropriate", protest graffiti in [[Turin]]]]
{{lang|it|Esproprio}} – or more formally {{lang|it|espropriazione per pubblica utilità}} ("expropriation for public utility") – in [[Italy]] takes place within the frame of [[Civil law (area)|civil law]], as an expression of the {{lang|it|potere ablatorio}} ({{linktext|ablative}} power). The law regulating expropriation is the D.P.R. n.327 of 2001,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/deleghe/01325dla.htm |title=D.P.R. 327/2001 |website=Camera.it |access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> amended by D.Lgs. n.302 of 2002;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/deleghe/02302dl.htm |title=Dlgs 302/2002 |website=Parlamento.it |access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> it supersedes the old expropriation law, the Royal Decree n.2359 of 1865. Also other national and regional laws may apply, not always giving full compensation to the owner.<ref>In other countries (France, Germany, Great Britain, Germany) is provided fair compensation according to the free market value both for regular expropriations or for absolutely unlawful occupations: {{cite journal |last1=Buonomo |first1=Giampiero |title=Occupazione acquisitiva: nodo irrisolto nonostante le modifiche al Testo unico |journal=Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online |date=2003 |url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89339045 |access-date=2016-03-28 |archive-date=2016-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89339045 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Expropriation can be total (the whole property is expropriated) or partial; permanent or temporary.

The article 42 of the [[Constitution of Italy|Italian Constitution]] and the article 834 of the [[Law of Italy|Italian Civil Code]] state that any private goods can be expropriated for public utility. Furthermore, the article 2 of the Constitution binds Italian citizens to respect their "mandatory duties of political, economic and social solidarity".

The implementation of the eminent domain follows two principles:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manuale pratico dell'espropriazione|last1=Assini |first1=N. |last2=Tescaroli |first2=N. |year=2003|location=Padua}}</ref>
* legality: a public institution can expropriate private goods only in the cases law allows it and respecting its procedures (following article 23 of the [[Constitution of Italy|Italian Constitution]]);
* compensation: (art. 42/III) the State must provide a certain amount of money as compensation, which is determined by law. According to the [[Constitutional Court of Italy|Italian Constitutional Court]], this compensation is not required to be equal to the market value of the expropriated good, although this sum must not be merely symbolic.
{{lang|it|Nazionalizzazione}} ("nationalization"), instead, is provided for by article 43 of the Constitution; it transfers to governmental authority and property a whole industrial sector, if it is deemed to be a natural or de facto [[monopoly]], and an essential service of public utility. The most famous nationalization in Italy was the [[Enel|1962 nationalization of the electrical power sector]].