Editing Electric motor (section)

===Early motors===
[[File:Faraday_magnetic_rotation.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Faraday|Faraday's]] electromagnetic experiment, 1821, the first demonstration of the conversion of electrical energy into motion<ref name="Faraday (1822)2">{{cite journal|last=Faraday|first=Michael|year=1822|title=On Some New Electro-Magnetical Motion, and on the Theory of Magnetism|url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlyjournal12jour|journal=Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts|publisher=Royal Institution of Great Britain|volume=XII|pages=[https://archive.org/details/quarterlyjournal12jour/page/74 74]–96 (§IX)|access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref>]]

Before modern electromagnetic motors, experimental motors that worked by electrostatic force were investigated. The first electric motors were simple [[Electrostatic motor|electrostatic devices]] described in experiments by Scottish monk [[Andrew Gordon (Benedictine)|Andrew Gordon]] and American experimenter [[Benjamin Franklin]] in the 1740s.<ref name="Gordon2">Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University. The Scots Colleges Abroad: 1575 to 1799 (Brill, Leiden, 2012) p. 115</ref><ref>Oleg D. Jefimenko (1973). ''Electrostatic Motors, Their History, Types, and Principles of Operation'', Electret Scientific Company. pp. 22–45</ref> The theoretical principle behind them, [[Coulomb's law]], was discovered but not published, by [[Henry Cavendish]] in 1771. This law was discovered independently by [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]] in 1785, who published it so that it is now known by his name.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2014|title=Electricity in the age of Enlightenment|journal=IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine|volume=8|issue=3|pages=60–63|doi=10.1109/MIE.2014.2335431|s2cid=34246664}}</ref> Due to the difficulty of generating the high voltages they required, electrostatic motors were never used for practical purposes.

The invention of the electrochemical battery by [[Alessandro Volta]] in 1799<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2014|title=The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog|journal=IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine|volume=8|issue=4|pages=59–61+69|doi=10.1109/MIE.2014.2361237|s2cid=39105914}}</ref> made the production of persistent electric currents possible. [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] discovered in 1820 that an electric current creates a magnetic field, which can exert a force on a magnet. It only took a few weeks for [[André-Marie Ampère]] to develop the first formulation of the electromagnetic interaction and present the [[Ampère's force law]], that described the production of mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field.<ref name="dcmachine2">{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2018|title=Revolving and Evolving – Early dc Machines|journal=IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine|volume=12|issue=3|pages=38–43|doi=10.1109/MIE.2018.2856546|hdl-access=free|s2cid=52899118|hdl=11577/3282911}}</ref>

[[Michael Faraday]] gave the first demonstration of the effect with a rotary motion on 3 September 1821 in the basement of the [[Royal Institution]].<ref name="Electric Motion">{{cite news |title=The birth of electric motion |url=https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/blog/birth-electric-motion |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=Royal Institution}}</ref> A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a [[Permanent magnet|permanent magnet (PM)]] was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire.<ref name="SparkMuseum (Motor)2">{{cite conference|title=The Development of the Electric Motor|url=http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM|publisher=SparkMuseum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306085840/http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM|archive-date=6 March 2013|access-date=12 February 2013|book-title=Early Electric Motors|url-status=live}}</ref> Faraday published the results of his discovery in the ''[[Quarterly Journal of Science]]'', and sent copies of his paper along with pocket-sized models of his device to colleagues around the world so they could also witness the phenomenon of electromagnetic rotations.<ref name="Electric Motion"/> This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, substituting [[brine]] for (toxic) mercury. [[Barlow's wheel]] was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, although these and similar [[homopolar motor]]s remained unsuited to practical application until late in the century.
[[File:Jedlik_motor.jpg|thumb|[[Ányos Jedlik|Jedlik]]'s "electromagnetic self-rotor", 1827 (Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest). The historic motor still works perfectly today.<ref name="TravelHungary (Dynamo)2">{{cite web|title=The first dinamo?|url=http://www.traveltohungary.com/english/articles/article.php?id=136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720005001/http://www.traveltohungary.com/english/articles/article.php?id=136|archive-date=20 July 2013|access-date=12 February 2013|publisher=travelhungary.com}}</ref>]]

[[File:An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842,_Hunterian_Museum,_Glasgow.jpg|thumb|An electric motor presented to [[Lord Kelvin|Kelvin]] by [[James Joule]] in 1842, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow]]
In 1827, [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[physicist]] [[Ányos Jedlik]] started experimenting with [[electromagnetic coil]]s. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of continuous rotation with the invention of the [[Commutator (electric)|commutator]], he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for teaching, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical [[Direct current|DC]] motors: the [[stator]], [[Rotor (electric)|rotor]] and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.<ref name="Guillemin (1891)2">{{cite book|last=Guillemin|first=Amédée|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=QznSAAAAMAAJ}}|title='Le Magnétisme et l'Électricitée'|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|others=trans., ed. & rev. from the French by Sylvanus P. Thompson|year=1891|trans-title=Electricity and Magnetism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104232726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QznSAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0|archive-date=2018-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nature2">{{cite journal|last=Heller|first=Augustus|date=April 1896|title=Anianus Jedlik|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|publisher=Norman Lockyer|volume=53|issue=1379|pages=516–517|bibcode=1896Natur..53..516H|doi=10.1038/053516a0|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Blundel (2012)2">{{cite book|last=Blundel|first=Stephen J.|title=Magnetism A Very Short Introduction.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-960120-2|page=36}}</ref><ref name="Thein (2009)2">{{cite web|last=Thein|first=M.|title=Elektrische Maschinen in Kraftfahrzeugen|trans-title=Electric Machines in Motor Vehicles|url=http://www.fh-zwickau.de/mbk/kfz_ee/praesentationen/Elma-Gndl-Generator%20-%20Druckversion.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914192636/http://www.fh-zwickau.de/mbk/kfz_ee/praesentationen/Elma-Gndl-Generator%20-%20Druckversion.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2013|access-date=13 February 2013|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Elektrisiermaschinen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert – Ein kleines Lexikon ''("Electrical machinery in the 18th and 19th centuries – a small thesaurus")''|publisher=[[University of Regensburg]]|year=2004|language=de|chapter=Elektrische Chronologie|access-date=August 23, 2010|chapter-url=http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil_Fak_I/Philosophie/Wissenschaftsgeschichte/Termine/E-Maschinen-Lexikon/Chronologie.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609031544/http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil_Fak_I/Philosophie/Wissenschaftsgeschichte/Termine/E-Maschinen-Lexikon/Chronologie.htm|archive-date=June 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 9, 2010|title=History of Batteries (inter alia)|url=http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173049/http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm|archive-date=May 12, 2011|access-date=August 23, 2010|publisher=Electropaedia}}</ref><ref name="Electropaedia (home)2">{{cite web|title=Battery and Energy Technologies, Technology and Applications Timeline|url=http://www.mpoweruk.com/timeline.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302153035/http://mpoweruk.com/timeline.htm|archive-date=2 March 2013|access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref>