Editing Economy of Cuba (section)

===Energy===
As of 2011, 96% of electricity was produced from fossil fuels. Solar panels were introduced in some rural areas to reduce blackouts, brownouts, and the use of kerosene. Citizens were encouraged to swap inefficient lamps with newer models to reduce consumption. A power tariff reduced inefficient use.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/la-revolucion-energetica-cubas-energy-revolution |title=La Revolucion Energetica: Cuba's Energy Revolution |magazine=Renewable Energy World |date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702035435/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/la-revolucion-energetica-cubas-energy-revolution |archive-date=2 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, Cuba produced an estimated 16.89&nbsp;billion kWh of electricity and consumed 13.93&nbsp;billion kWh with no exports or imports.<ref name="The World Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cuba|access-date= 11 June 2015}}</ref>

About 25% of Cuba's electricity is generated on ships with floating power plants. As of 2023, eight [[Powership|powerships]] from Turkey provide 770 MW from burning oil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Ships Now Provide About One Quarter of Cuba's Electricity |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/power-ships-now-provide-about-one-quarter-of-cuba-s-electricity |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Energy Revolution]] is a program begun by Cuba in 2005.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=4}} This program focused on developing the country's socioeconomic status and transitioning Cuba into an energy-efficient economy with diverse energy resources.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Arrastía-Avila|first1=Mario Alberto|last2=Glidden|first2=Lisa|title=Cuba's Energy Revolution and 2030 Policy Goals: More Penetration of Renewable Energy in Electricity Generation|journal=The International Journal of Cuban Studies|year=2017|volume=9|issue=1|pages=73–90|doi=10.13169/intejcubastud.9.1.0073}}</ref> Cuba's energy sector lacks the resources to produce optimal amounts of power. One of the issues the Energy Revolution program faces comes from Cuba's power production suffering from the absence of investment and the ongoing trade sanctions imposed by the United States.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Nicholas|title=Decentralized energy aids Cuba's power struggles|journal=Power Engineering International|year=2009|volume=17|issue=11|pages=16–19}}</ref> Likewise, the energy sector has received a multimillion-dollar investment distributed among a network of power resources. However, customers are experiencing rolling blackouts of power from energy companies to preserve electricity during Cuba's economic crisis.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Furthermore, an outdated electricity grid that's been damaged by hurricanes caused the energy crisis in 2004 and continued to be a major issue during the Energy Revolution.<ref name="auto" /> Cuba responded to this situation by providing a variety of different types of energy resources. 6000 small diesel generators, 416 fuel oil generators, 893 diesel generators, 9.4&nbsp;million incandescent bulbs for energy-saving lamps, 1.33&nbsp;million fans, 5.5&nbsp;million electric pressure cookers, 3.4&nbsp;million electric rice cookers, 0.2&nbsp;million electric water pumps, 2.04&nbsp;million domestic refrigerators and 0.1&nbsp;million televisions were distributed among territories.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|last1=Surez|first1=Jos|last2=Beatn|first2=Pedro|last3=Escalona|first3=Ronoldy|last4=Montero|first4=Ofelia|title=Energy, environment and development in Cuba|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|year=2012|volume=16|issue=5|pages=2724–2731|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.023|bibcode=2012RSERv..16.2724S }}</ref> The electrical grid was restored to only 90% until 2009.

The country frequently suffers rolling blackouts due to fuel shortages, and many plants are shut down due to a lack of fuel. In October 2024, the entire country suffered a multiday electricity blackout when the Antonio Guiteras power plant failed and efforts to restart the grid were not successful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oppmann |first=Patrick |date=2024-10-20 |title=Cuban power grid collapses for fourth time as hurricane arrives |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/20/americas/cuba-blackout-third-day-failed-restore-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemos |first=Patrick Oppmann, Mia Alberti, Verónica Calderón, Gerardo |date=2024-10-18 |title=Island-wide blackout sweeps Cuba after power plant failure |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/18/americas/cuba-blackout-power-plant-failure-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

==== Renewable energy ====
Renewable energy has become a major priority as the government has promoted wind and solar power.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cherni|first1=Judith|last2=Hill|first2=Yohan|title=Energy and policy providing for sustainable rural livelihoods in remote locations – The case of Cuba|journal=Geoforum|year=2009|volume=40|issue=4|pages=645–654|doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.001}}</ref> Under a March 2017 law, the Cuban government has begun to roll out solar panels to every home in Cuba.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=95}} The crucial challenge the Energy Revolution program will face is developing sustainable energy in Cuba but, take into account a country that's continuing to develop, an economic sanction and the detrimental effects of hurricanes that hit this country.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

The passage of Decree-Law 345 in 2019 permits Cubans to purchase [[Photovoltaics|photovoltaic]] solar panels for private use and to sell surplus energy to state company Unión Eléctrica.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=159}}

In 2022, about 1.5% of electricity came from solar power.<ref name="ember">{{cite web |date=6 Dec 2023 |title=Yearly electricity data |url=https://ember-climate.org/data-catalogue/yearly-electricity-data/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=ember-climate.org}}</ref>

==== Oil and gas ====
As of August 2012, off-shore petroleum exploration of [[Oil reserves in Cuba|promising formations in the Gulf of Mexico]] had been unproductive, with two failures reported. Additional exploration is planned.<ref name="GAP8612">{{cite news |date=6 August 2012 |title=2nd Cuban offshore oil well also a bust |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10376094 |access-date=6 August 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=Havana |agency=AP Foreign}}</ref>

In both 2007 and 2008 estimates, the country produced 62,100 bbl/d of oil and consumed 176,000 bbl/d with 104,800 bbl/d of imports, as well as 197,300,000 bbl proved reserves of oil.<ref name="The World Factbook" /> Venezuela is Cuba's primary source of oil.

In 2017, Cuba produced and consumed an estimated 1189&nbsp;million m<sup>3</sup> of natural gas and has 70.79&nbsp;billion m<sup>3</sup> of proved reserves the nation did not export or import any natural gas.<ref name="The World Factbook" />