Editing Economy of Brazil (section)

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy policy of Brazil|Renewable energy in Brazil}}
[[File:Energia Eolica.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wind power]] in [[Parnaíba]].]]
[[File:Usina solar de Pirapora 2.gif|thumb|Pirapora Solar Complex, the largest in Brazil and Latin America, with a capacity of 321 MW.]]
The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1546300800000| title = Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2019}}</ref> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]], the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|title=Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez|website=anp.gov.br|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg|thumb|[[Itaipu Dam]] in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].|left]]Brazil is one of the main world producers of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]]. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/| title = How many power plants do we have in Brazil?| date = 5 April 2019}}</ref> In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false| title = Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019| access-date = 31 October 2020| archive-date = 13 April 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193140/https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075849/http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2018-04-01| title = IEMA (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente),2016.Série TERMOELETRICIDADE EM FOCO: Uso de água em termoelétricas}}</ref>[[File:Angra dos Reis - usinas nucleares.jpg|thumb|[[Angra Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]]]In 2013, the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]] used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. The [[hydroelectric]] generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% corresponding basically to the [[thermoelectric]] generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais by about 25%; Rio de Janeiro by 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]] owns the [[Itaipu Dam]], which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of [[Three Gorges Dam]] in China. It remains the second largest operating [[hydroelectric]] in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with [[Paraguay]]: the dam is located on the [[Paraná River]], located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 [[Watt|GW]] for 20 generating units of 700 [[Watt|MW]] each. [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]] has large hydroelectric plants, such as [[Belo Monte Dam]] and [[Tucuruí Dam]], which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%C3%A3o%20energ%C3%A9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%C3%A3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf| title = O BNDES e a questão energética e logística da Região Sudeste}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519000659/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2006-05-19| title = Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility}}</ref>[[File:Oil platform P-51 (Brazil).jpg|thumb|right|Oil platform P-51 of [[Petrobras]].]]{{As of|2022|07|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[wind power]] was 22 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 58%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-06.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-06.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Junho/2021|language=pt|date=1 July 2021|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 14|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://megawhat.energy/news/147158/eolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil|title=Eólica supera 22 GW em operação no Brasil|date=21 July 2022|publisher=Megawhar|access-date=2 August 2022|language=pt-br}}</ref> While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|title=Brasil é o país com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia eólica|work=Governo do Brasil|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223102/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> the average capacity factor in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]] is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Boletim Trimestral de Energia Eólica – Junho de 2020|language=pt-BR|publisher=[[Empresa de Pesquisa Energética]]|date=23 June 2020|page=4|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="cbie.com.br">{{cite web| url = https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/| title = Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?| date = 5 April 2019}}</ref> In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/| title = Ventos promissores a caminho}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026| title = Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates}}</ref> In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),<ref name="Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021">[https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf|title=Global wind statistics|date=2022-04-22|website=IRENA|language=en-US|access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.<ref>[[Hannah Ritchie]] and [[Max Roser]], [https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy Wind Power generation]</ref>

Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.<ref name=uic>{{cite web|publisher=Uranium Information Centre |url=http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm |title=Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95 |date=May 2007 |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208105204/http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm |archive-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by [[Eletronuclear|Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A)]], a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Eletrobrás]]. Nuclear energy is produced by [[List of nuclear reactors#Brazil|two reactors]] at [[Angra Nuclear Power Plant|Angra]]. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]. It consists of two [[pressurized water reactor]]s, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.<ref name=merco>{{cite web |publisher=Mecropress |url=http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907073618/http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012 |title=Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=19 May 2007 }}</ref>

{{As of|2022|10|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[photovoltaic solar]] was 21 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 23%.<ref>[https://canalenergia.com.br/noticias/53228183/solar-atinge-21-gw-e-r-1086-bi-em-investimentos-no-brasil Solar atinge 21 GW e R$ 108,6 bi em investimentos no Brasil]</ref> Some of the most [[Solar irradiance|irradiated]] Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO (Goiás), which have indeed world [[Solar irradiance|irradiation]] level records.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|title=Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? - Sharenergy|date=3 February 2017|work=Sharenergy|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223213/http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Setembro/2020|language=pt|date=13 October 2020|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS|pages=6, 13|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> In 2019, solar power represented 1,27% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="cbie.com.br"/> In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),<ref>[https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022]</ref> and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<ref>[https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser: Solar Power Generation]</ref>

In 2020, Brazil was also the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through [[biomass]] (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021 page 41 | access-date = 24 May 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total energy consumption in [[Terrawatt-hour|Terrawatt-hours]] (TWh) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary energy consumption |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-energy-cons?tab=chart&country=~GHA |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
!1970
!1980
!1990
!2000
!2010
!2020
!2023
|-
|453 
|{{Increase}}1,153 
|{{Increase}}1,566 
|{{Increase}}2,357 
|{{Increase}}3,185 
|{{Increase}}3,394 
|{{Increase}}3,854 
|-
! colspan="7" |Per capita energy consumption in [[Kilowatt-hour|Kilowatt-hours]] (KWh)<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Energy use per person |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~KEN |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
|-
|4,704 
|{{Increase}}9,430 
|{{Increase}}10,391 
|{{Increase}}13,400 
|{{Increase}}16,221 
|{{Decrease}}15,921 
|{{Increase}}17,806 
|-
! colspan="7" |Oil production in [[Terrawatt-hour|Terrawatt-hours]] (TWh)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country?tab=table&time=1970..latest&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~BRA |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
|-
|102 
|{{Increase}}115 
|{{Increase}}397 
|{{Increase}}780 
|{{Increase}}1,298 
|{{Increase}}1,853 
|{{Increase}}2,136 
|}