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==Geography== Durham is located in the east–central part of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] region at {{Coord|35|59|19|N|78|54|26|W|type:city}} (35.99, -78.9).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html| publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]| access-date=April 23, 2011| date=February 12, 2011| title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> Like much of the region, its topography is generally flat with some rolling hills. As of 2022, the city had a total area of {{convert|116.19|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|115.36|sqmi}} was land and {{convert|0.82|sqmi}} (0.71%) was water.<ref name="TigerWebMapServer"/> The soil is predominantly clay, making it poor for agriculture. The [[Eno River]], a tributary of the [[Neuse River]], passes through the northern part of Durham, along with several other small creeks. The center of Durham is on a ridge that forms the divide between the Neuse River watershed, flowing east to [[Pamlico Sound]], and the [[Cape Fear River]] watershed, flowing south to the Atlantic near [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]]. A small portion of the city is in [[Wake County]]. Durham is located 10 miles northeast of [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-chapel-hill-nc-to-durham-nc |title=Distance between Chapel Hill, NC, and Durham, NC |website=Distance Between Cities |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> 21 miles northwest of [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], 50 miles east of [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]], 121 miles northeast of [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] and 134 miles southwest of [[Richmond, Virginia]]. ===Climate=== The climate of Durham is [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] (''Cfa'' according to the [[Köppen classification]] system), with hot and humid summers, cool winters, and warm to mild spring and autumn. Durham receives abundant precipitation, with thunderstorms common in the summer and high temperatures from 80 to 100 degrees F. The region sees an average of {{convert|7|in|mm}} of snow per year, with any snowfall usually melting within a few days. The Durham area consistently ranks in the top 10 most challenging places to live with seasonal allergies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aafa.org/allergy-capitals/ | title=How the Top 100 U.S. Cities Rank for Seasonal Pollen Allergies | publisher=Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, supported by Bayer Claritin®}}</ref> Climate change is expected to increase the number of days of extreme precipitation in Durham as well as moderately increase temperature within the region. The number of days of inland flooding within the Piedmont is also expected to increase, which puts Durham at higher risk of future flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Carolina Climate Science Report :: North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies |url=https://ncics.org/programs/nccsr/ |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref> High-intensity short-duration storms are predicted to grow in frequency to upwards of 9 days a year by 2100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Precipitation and Flooding {{!}} Durham County |url=https://www.dconc.gov/county-departments/departments-a-e/engineering-and-environmental-services/sustainability-office/climate-resilience/excessive-precipitation |access-date=2023-01-09 |publisher=Durham County, NC, government |language=en}}</ref> Inland flooding is anticipated to have a greater impact on the elderly and other at-risk groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Health Assessment |url=https://www.dcopublichealth.org/resources/health-resources-data/community-health-assessment |access-date=2023-01-09 |publisher=Durham County, NC, Public Health |language=en}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = [[Raleigh–Durham International Airport]], North Carolina (1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated from data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1887–present{{efn|Official records for Raleigh kept January 1887 to 17 May 1944 at downtown and at Raleigh–Durham Int'l since 18 May 1944. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org Threadex]}}) |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan record high F = 80 |Feb record high F = 84 |Mar record high F = 94 |Apr record high F = 95 |May record high F = 99 |Jun record high F = 105 |Jul record high F = 105 |Aug record high F = 105 |Sep record high F = 104 |Oct record high F = 100 |Nov record high F = 88 |Dec record high F = 81 |year record high F = 105 |Jan avg record high F = 71.9 |Feb avg record high F = 74.4 |Mar avg record high F = 81.6 |Apr avg record high F = 86.4 |May avg record high F = 91.3 |Jun avg record high F = 96.6 |Jul avg record high F = 98.2 |Aug avg record high F = 96.7 |Sep avg record high F = 92.3 |Oct avg record high F = 86.7 |Nov avg record high F = 78.5 |Dec avg record high F = 72.8 |year avg record high F = 99.6 |Jan high F = 51.9 |Feb high F = 55.8 |Mar high F = 63.3 |Apr high F = 72.7 |May high F = 80.0 |Jun high F = 87.4 |Jul high F = 90.8 |Aug high F = 88.7 |Sep high F = 82.5 |Oct high F = 73.0 |Nov high F = 63.0 |Dec high F = 54.7 |year high F = 72.0 |Jan mean F = 41.9 |Feb mean F = 45.0 |Mar mean F = 51.8 |Apr mean F = 60.8 |May mean F = 68.8 |Jun mean F = 76.7 |Jul mean F = 80.5 |Aug mean F = 78.8 |Sep mean F = 72.6 |Oct mean F = 61.7 |Nov mean F = 51.5 |Dec mean F = 44.6 |year mean F = 61.2 |Jan low F = 31.8 |Feb low F = 34.2 |Mar low F = 40.3 |Apr low F = 48.9 |May low F = 57.7 |Jun low F = 66.0 |Jul low F = 70.2 |Aug low F = 68.9 |Sep low F = 62.7 |Oct low F = 50.3 |Nov low F = 40.0 |Dec low F = 34.4 |year low F = 50.4 |Jan avg record low F = 14.0 |Feb avg record low F = 19.2 |Mar avg record low F = 23.7 |Apr avg record low F = 32.2 |May avg record low F = 42.8 |Jun avg record low F = 54.2 |Jul avg record low F = 61.0 |Aug avg record low F = 58.7 |Sep avg record low F = 48.7 |Oct avg record low F = 33.2 |Nov avg record low F = 24.4 |Dec avg record low F = 19.9 |year avg record low F = 12.1 |Jan record low F = −9 |Feb record low F = −2 |Mar record low F = 11 |Apr record low F = 23 |May record low F = 29 |Jun record low F = 38 |Jul record low F = 48 |Aug record low F = 46 |Sep record low F = 37 |Oct record low F = 19 |Nov record low F = 11 |Dec record low F = 0 |year record low F = -9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 3.43 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.78 |Mar precipitation inch = 4.10 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.53 |May precipitation inch = 3.58 |Jun precipitation inch = 3.89 |Jul precipitation inch = 5.02 |Aug precipitation inch = 4.71 |Sep precipitation inch = 5.15 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.37 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.32 |Dec precipitation inch = 3.39 |year precipitation inch = 46.07 |Jan snow inch = 2.6 |Feb snow inch = 1.4 |Mar snow inch = 0.3 |Apr snow inch = 0.0 |May snow inch = 0.0 |Jun snow inch = 0.0 |Jul snow inch = 0.0 |Aug snow inch = 0.0 |Sep snow inch = 0.0 |Oct snow inch = 0.0 |Nov snow inch = 0.1 |Dec snow inch = 0.8 |year snow inch = 5.2 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 10.1 |Feb precipitation days = 9.3 |Mar precipitation days = 10.7 |Apr precipitation days = 9.5 |May precipitation days = 9.9 |Jun precipitation days = 11.2 |Jul precipitation days = 11.7 |Aug precipitation days = 10.7 |Sep precipitation days = 9.0 |Oct precipitation days = 7.6 |Nov precipitation days = 8.2 |Dec precipitation days = 9.7 |year precipitation days = 117.6 |unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jan snow days = 1.2 |Feb snow days = 1.2 |Mar snow days = 0.4 |Apr snow days = 0.0 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.1 |Dec snow days = 0.5 |year snow days = 3.4 |Jan humidity = 66.5 |Feb humidity = 64.1 |Mar humidity = 63.0 |Apr humidity = 61.7 |May humidity = 71.1 |Jun humidity = 73.6 |Jul humidity = 76.0 |Aug humidity = 77.9 |Sep humidity = 77.1 |Oct humidity = 73.3 |Nov humidity = 69.1 |Dec humidity = 68.5 |year humidity = 70.2 |Jan sun = 163.8 |Feb sun = 173.1 |Mar sun = 228.9 |Apr sun = 250.7 |May sun = 258.4 |Jun sun = 267.7 |Jul sun = 259.5 |Aug sun = 239.6 |Sep sun = 217.6 |Oct sun = 215.4 |Nov sun = 174.0 |Dec sun = 157.6 |Jan percentsun = 53 |Feb percentsun = 57 |Mar percentsun = 62 |Apr percentsun = 64 |May percentsun = 59 |Jun percentsun = 61 |Jul percentsun = 58 |Aug percentsun = 57 |Sep percentsun = 58 |Oct percentsun = 62 |Nov percentsun = 56 |Dec percentsun = 52 |year percentsun = 59 | Jan dew point C = −2.9 | Feb dew point C = −2.1 | Mar dew point C = 2.1 | Apr dew point C = 6.3 | May dew point C = 12.9 | Jun dew point C = 17.5 | Jul dew point C = 19.9 | Aug dew point C = 19.7 | Sep dew point C = 16.4 | Oct dew point C = 9.6 | Nov dew point C = 4.1 | Dec dew point C = −0.5 |Jan uv = 3 |Feb uv = 4 |Mar uv = 6 |Apr uv = 7 |May uv = 9 |Jun uv = 10 |Jul uv = 10 |Aug uv = 9 |Sep uv = 8 |Oct uv = 5 |Nov uv = 3 |Dec uv = 2 |source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)<ref name = "NWS Raleigh, NC (RAH)"> {{cite web |url = http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rah |title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = May 5, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NCDC txt KRDU">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013722&format=pdf |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station: Raleigh Durham INTL AP, NC |work=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) |access-date=May 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name = "WMO 1961–90 KRDU">{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72306.TXT | title = WMO Climate Normals for RALEIGH/RALEIGH–DURHAM, NC 1961–1990 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = July 25, 2020}}</ref> |source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV Index)<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/north-carolina-usa/raleigh-climate |title=Raleigh, North Carolina, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=June 29, 2019 }}</ref> }}
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