Editing Dundee (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:The Dundee Law - geograph.org.uk - 63200 (lighter ground).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Dundee Law]]]]
Dundee sits on the north bank of the [[Firth of Tay]] on the eastern, [[North Sea]] Coast of Scotland. The city lies {{convert| 36.1|mi|km|0}} [[Boxing the compass|NNE]] of [[Edinburgh]]<ref name="postcode">{{harvnb|UK Postcode to Postcode Calculator }}</ref> and {{convert|360.6|mi|km|0}} [[Boxing the compass|NNW]] of London.<ref name="postcode"/> The built-up area occupies a roughly rectangular shape {{convert|8.3|mi|km|0}} long by {{convert|2.5|mi|km|0}} wide, aligned in an east to west direction and occupies an area of {{convert|60|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=OSmap/><ref name=popdens>{{harvnb|Population density: Scotland: by unitary authority }}</ref> The town is bisected by a line of hills stretching from Balgay Hill (elevation of 143 m) in the west end of the city, through the [[Dundee Law]] (174 m) which occupies the centre of the built up area, to Gallow Hill (83 m), between [[Baxter Park]] and the Eastern Cemetery. North of this ridge lies a valley through which cuts the Dighty Water [[burn (topography)|burn]], the elevation falling to around 45 m. North of the Dighty valley lie the [[Sidlaw Hills]], the most prominent hill being [[Craigowl Hill]] (455 m).<ref name=OSmap>{{harvnb|Ordnance Survey Landranger Map|2007 }}</ref>
[[File:Approaching Dundee from the south on the East Coast Railway Line - geograph.org.uk - 3426132.jpg|thumb|A cityscape from the Tay]]
The western and eastern boundaries of the city are marked by two [[burn (topography)|burns]] that are tributaries of the [[River Tay]]. On the westernmost boundary of the city, the Lochee burn meets the Fowlis burn, forming the [[Invergowrie]] burn, which meets the Tay at Invergowrie basin.<ref name=OSmap/> The Dighty Water enters Dundee from the village of [[Strathmartine]] and marks the boundaries of a number of northern districts of the city, joining the Tay between [[Barnhill, Dundee|Barnhill]] and [[Monifieth]].<ref name=OSmap/> The Scouring burn in the west end of the city and Dens Burn in the east, both of which played important roles in the industrial development of the city, have now been [[culvert]]ed over.

=== Geology ===
The city lies within the Sidlaw-Ochil [[anticline]], and the predominant bedrock type is [[Old Red Sandstone]] of the Arbuthnott-Garvock group.<ref name=geo>{{harvnb|Bluck|2000|p=422}}; {{harvnb|GeoIndex Onshore }}</ref> [[Differential weathering]] of a series of [[igneous intrusion]]s has yielded a number of prominent hills in the landscape, most notably the [[Law, Dundee|Dundee Law]] (a late [[Silurian]]/early [[Devonian]] [[Mafic]] rock intrusion) and Balgay hill (a [[Felsic]] rock intrusion of similar age).<ref name=geo/> In the east of the city, in [[Craigiebank, Dundee|Craigie]] and [[Broughty Ferry]], the bedrock geology is of [[extrusive rock]]s, including mafic [[lava]] and [[tuff]].<ref name=geo/>

The land surrounding Dundee, particularly that in the lower lying areas to the west and east of the city, bears high quality soil that is particularly suitable for arable farming. It is predominantly of a [[brown forest soil]] type with some [[Gley soil|gleying]], the lower parts being formed from raised beach sands and gravels derived from Old Red Sandstone and lavas.<ref>{{harvnb|Soil Survey of Scotland|1982 }}</ref>

=== Urban environment ===
[[File:Midsummer night^ - geograph.org.uk - 9752.jpg|View from The Law, overlooking Dundee City Centre and the Tay Road Bridge|thumb|left]]
Very little of pre-[[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]] Dundee remains, the destruction suffered in the [[War of the Rough Wooing]] being almost total, with only scattered, roofless shells remaining.<ref>{{harvnb|Merriman|2000|pp=360–361 }}</ref> The area occupied by the medieval burgh of Dundee extends between East Port and West Port, which formerly held the gates to the walled city. The shoreline has been altered considerably since the early 19th century through development of the harbour area and land reclamation.<ref>{{harvnb|McCarthy|2007|p=80}}; The progress of waterfront development can be seen in the maps of {{harvnb|Wood|1821}}, {{harvnb|Edward|1846}} and {{harvnb|Bartholomew|1912 }}</ref> Several areas on the periphery of the burgh saw industrial development with the building of textile mills from the end of the 18th century. Their placement was dictated by the need for a water supply for the modern steam powered machinery, and areas around the Lochee Burn ([[Lochee]]), Scouring Burn ([[Blackness, Dundee|Blackness]]) and Dens Burn (Dens Road area) saw particular concentrations of mills.<ref>{{harvnb|Lenman|Lythe|Gauldie|1969|p=9}}; {{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Watson|1990|p=8 }}</ref> The post war period saw expansion of industry to estates along the Kingsway.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1968|p=296 }}</ref>

Working-class housing spread rapidly and without control throughout the Victorian era, particularly in the Hawkhill, Blackness Road, Dens Road and Hilltown areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|p=26 }}</ref> Despite the comparative wealth of Victorian Dundee as a whole, living standards for the working classes were very poor. A general lack of town planning coupled with the influx of labour during the expansion of the jute industry resulted in insanitary, squalid and cramped housing for much of the population.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|2011|pp=72–76 }}</ref> While gradual improvements and [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]] began in the late 19th century, the building of the groundbreaking [[Logie, Dundee|Logie]] housing estate marked the beginning of Dundee's expansion through the building of planned housing estates, under the vision of city architect [[James Thomson (architect)|James Thomson]], whose legacy also includes the housing estate of [[Craigiebank, Dundee|Craigiebank]] and the beginnings of an improved transport infrastructure by planning the Kingsway bypass.<ref>{{harvnb|Logie Conservation Area}}; {{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|pp=51–52}}; {{harvnb|McKean|2011|p=81 }}</ref>

Modernisation of the city centre continued in the post-war period. The medieval Overgate was demolished in the early 1960s to make way for a shopping centre, followed by construction of the inner ring road and the Wellgate Shopping Centre.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|1990|p=73}}; {{harvnb|McKean|2011|p=85 }}</ref> The [[Tay Road Bridge]], completed in 1966, had as its northern landfall the docklands of central Dundee, and the new associated road system resulted in the city centre being cut off from the river.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|1990|p=73}}; {{harvnb|McKean|2011|p=93 }}</ref> An acute shortage of housing in the late 1940s was addressed by a series of large housing estates built in the northern environs, including the Fintry, Craigie, Charleston and Douglas areas in the 1950s and early 1960s.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1968|p=296}}; {{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|p=55 }}</ref> These were followed by increasingly cost-effective and sometimes poorly planned housing throughout the 1960s.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1968|p=296}}; {{harvnb|McKean|1990|p=73}}; {{harvnb|Scott|2002|pp=73–76, 103–106}}; {{harvnb|Glendinning|1997|pp=25, 56 }}</ref> Much of this, in particular the high-rise blocks of flats at Lochee, Kirkton, Trottick, Whitfield, Ardler and Menzieshill, and the prefabricated Skarne housing blocks at Whitfield, has been demolished since the 1990s or is scheduled for future demolition.<ref>{{harvnb|Tenants gone, soon multi too}}; {{harvnb|Last of Menzieshill multis to be brought down this week}}; {{harvnb|Four Dundee Hilltown multi-storey blocks to come down}}; {{harvnb|Fate of Whitfield's Skarne blocks to be decided }}</ref>

{{Location map+|Scotland Dundee
 |caption={{left|Areas of Dundee and nearby settlements}}
 |float=right
 |width=450
 |places =
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.488|-3.014}}|position=left|label='''[[Ardler|1]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.466060|-3.017575}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Balgay|2]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.496759|-2.998905}}|position=top|label='''[[Balgowan, Dundee|3]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.4925|-2.904167}}|position=right|label='''[[Ballumbie|4]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.4605|-2.994693}}|position=right|label='''[[Blackness, Dundee|5]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.46718|-2.86991}}|position=left|label='''[[Broughty Ferry|6]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.475369|-2.855483}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Barnhill, Dundee|7]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.483809|-3.044031}}|position=left|label='''[[Camperdown, Dundee|8]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.473084|-3.037243}}|position=top|label='''[[Charleston, Dundee|9]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.458339|-2.971933}}|position=bottom|label='''{{pad|2.0em}}{{nowrap|[[City Centre, Dundee|10]]}}'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.493000|-2.965000}}|position=top|label='''[[Claverhouse|11]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.470352|-2.928414}}|position=top|label='''[[Craigiebank, Dundee|12]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.478605|-2.905886}}|position=right|label='''[[Douglas, Dundee|13]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.487815|-2.993798}}|position=top|label='''[[Downfield, Dundee|14]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.478333|-3.022222}}|position=top|label='''[[Dryburgh, Dundee|15]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.489131|-2.940241}}|position=top|label='''[[Fintry, Dundee|16]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.467545|-3.054946}}|position=left|label='''[[Gowrie Park|17]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.468195|-2.975431}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Hilltown, Dundee|18]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.487867|-2.987304}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Kirkton, Dundee|19]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.469734|-2.990000}}|position=left|label='''[[Dundee Law|20]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.473299|-3.011276}}|position=top|label='''[[Lochee|21]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.461687|-3.002853}}|position=top|label='''[[Logie, Dundee|22]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.466810|-3.035449}}|position=top|label='''[[Menzieshill|23]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.489200|-2.954600}}|position=left|label='''[[Mill of Mains|24]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.463190|-3.038596}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Ninewells|25]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.482879|-2.935215}}|position=right|label='''[[Pitkerro|26]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.493034|-3.015049}}|position=left|label='''[[St Marys, Dundee|27]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.470093|-2.962495}}|position=top|label='''[[Stobswell|28]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.456350|-2.996222}}|position=bottom|label='''[[West End, Dundee|29]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.488342|-2.925606}}|position=right|label='''[[Whitfield, Dundee|30]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.479936|-2.967615}}|position=left|label='''[[Woodside, Dundee|31]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}}

<!-- Nearby settlements -->
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.460303|-3.061237}}|position=left|label='''[[Invergowrie]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.481|-2.820}}|position=left|label='''[[Monifieth]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.492695|-3.055644}}|position=left|label='''[[Birkhill, Angus|Birkhill]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.505623|-3.013761}}|position=left|label='''[[Bridgefoot, Angus|Bridgefoot]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.501263|-2.997399}}|position=right|label='''{{nowrap|[[Strathmartine]]}}'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.485243|-3.086291}}|position=left|label='''[[Liff, Angus|Liff]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.501913|-2.912940}}|position=top|label='''[[Burnside of Duntrune]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.507502|-2.885453}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Kellas, Angus|Kellas]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.505988|-2.844800}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Kingennie]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.514746|-2.877497}}|position=right|label='''[[Bucklerheads]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.411|-03.043}}|position=left|label='''[[Balmerino]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.424444| -2.979444}}|position=left|label='''[[Wormit]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}
 {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.44017|-2.94103}}|position=left|label='''[[Newport-on-Tay]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}}

}}

Areas of Dundee:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 450px;|
# [[Ardler]]
# [[Balgay]]
# [[Balgowan, Dundee|Balgowan]]
# [[Ballumbie]]
# [[Blackness, Dundee|Blackness]]
# [[Broughty Ferry]]
# [[Barnhill, Dundee|Barnhill]]
# [[Camperdown, Dundee|Camperdown]]
# [[Charleston, Dundee|Charleston]]
# [[City Centre, Dundee|City Centre]]
# [[Claverhouse]]
# [[Craigiebank, Dundee|Craigiebank]]
# [[Douglas, Dundee|Douglas]]
# [[Downfield, Dundee|Downfield]]
# [[Dryburgh, Dundee|Dryburgh]]
# [[Fintry, Dundee|Fintry]]
# [[Gowrie Park]]
# [[Hilltown, Dundee|Hilltown]]
# [[Kirkton, Dundee|Kirkton]]
# [[Dundee Law]]
# [[Lochee]]
# [[Logie, Dundee|Logie]]
# [[Menzieshill]]
# [[Mill of Mains]]
# [[Ninewells]]
# [[Pitkerro]]
# [[St Marys, Dundee|St Marys]]
# [[Stobswell]]
# [[West End, Dundee|West End]]
# [[Whitfield, Dundee|Whitfield]]
# [[Woodside, Dundee|Woodside]]
}}

=== Climate ===
[[File:Fog in the Tay estuary - geograph.org.uk - 9750.jpg|[[Haar (fog)]] travelling up the [[River Tay]] by [[advection]]|thumb|right]]
The climate, like the rest of lowland Scotland, is [[Oceanic climate|Oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger]] classification Cfb).<ref>{{harvnb|Peel|Finlayson|McMahon|2007 }}</ref> Mean temperature and rainfall are typical for the east coast of Scotland, and with the city's sheltered estuarine position, mean daily maxima are slightly higher than coastal areas to the North, particularly in spring and summer.<ref>{{harvnb|Regional mapped climate averages }}</ref> The summers are still chilly when compared with similar latitudes in continental Europe, something compensated for by the mild winters, similar to the rest of the British Isles. The nearest official [[Met Office]] weather station is Mylnefield, [[Invergowrie]] which is about {{convert|4|mi|km}} west of the City Centre.

A record high of {{convert|29.3|C|F}} was recorded in July 2013.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} The warmest month was July 2006,<ref>{{harvnb|Jul 2006 Mean }}</ref> with an average temperature of {{convert|17.4|C|F}} (average high {{convert|22.5|C|F}}, average low {{convert|12.3|C|F}}). In an 'average' year the warmest day should reach<ref>{{harvnb|1971–2000 average warmest day }}</ref> {{convert|25.2|C|F}}, and in total just 1.86 days<ref name="climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org">{{cite web |url=http://climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org/listenormale-1991-2020-5-p183.php |title=Climate Data}} {{dead link|date=October 2021 }}</ref> should equal or exceed a temperature of {{convert|25.0|C|F}} per year, illustrating the rarity of such warmth.

On average, 4.73 days should record a minimum temperature at or below -5&nbsp;°C and there are 53.26 days of air frost on average. From 1991 to 2020, Mylnefield averaged 0.9 ice days, 50 days with precipitation of more than 5mm and 19.56 days with more than 10mm. The weather station is in plant hardiness zone 10a.<ref name="climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org"/>

{{Weather box|location = Mylnefield, elevation 31m, 1991–2020, extremes 1960–2010
| collapsed =
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 14.6
| Feb record high C = 15.2
| Mar record high C = 21.6
| Apr record high C = 22.9
| May record high C = 23.7
| Jun record high C = 27.8
| Jul record high C = 29.3
| Aug record high C = 28.7
| Sep record high C = 25.0
| Oct record high C = 22.8
| Nov record high C = 16.7
| Dec record high C = 14.5
| year record high C = 29.3
| Jan high C = 6.7
| Feb high C = 7.5
| Mar high C = 9.5
| Apr high C = 12.0
| May high C = 14.9
| Jun high C = 17.4
| Jul high C = 19.4
| Aug high C = 19.3
| Sep high C = 16.9
| Oct high C = 13.1
| Nov high C = 9.4
| Dec high C = 6.8
| year high C = 
| Jan low C = 0.7
| Feb low C = 1.1
| Mar low C = 2.3
| Apr low C = 4.0
| May low C = 6.3
| Jun low C = 9.2
| Jul low C = 11.0
| Aug low C = 10.8
| Sep low C = 9.0
| Oct low C = 6.2
| Nov low C = 3.0
| Dec low C = 0.8
| year low C = 
| Jan record low C = -17.1
| Feb record low C = -11.2
| Mar record low C = -10.0
| Apr record low C = -4.4
| May record low C = -2.3
| Jun record low C = -0.7
| Jul record low C = 2.8
| Aug record low C = 1.7
| Sep record low C = -0.6
| Oct record low C = -3.4
| Nov record low C = -10.4
| Dec record low C = -12.7
| year record low C = -17.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 69.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 54.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 49.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 45.2
| May precipitation mm = 51.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 62.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 65.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 74.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 54.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 85.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 71.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 65.9
| year precipitation mm = 
|unit rain days = 1 mm
|Jan rain days = 12.1
|Feb rain days = 9.7
|Mar rain days = 9.4
|Apr rain days = 8.6
|May rain days = 9.7
|Jun rain days = 10.8
|Jul rain days = 11.0
|Aug rain days = 10.6
|Sep rain days = 9.4
|Oct rain days = 11.6
|Nov rain days = 12.4
|Dec rain days = 11.9
|year rain days= 
| Jan sun = 53.5
| Feb sun = 83.6
| Mar sun = 121.1
| Apr sun = 159.9
| May sun = 200.8
| Jun sun = 163.3
| Jul sun = 172.7
| Aug sun = 165.0
| Sep sun = 130.1
| Oct sun = 96.6
| Nov sun = 70.0
| Dec sun = 44.0
| year sun = 
| source 1 = Met Office,(all data except extremes)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gfjc4jejv |title=UK climate averages - Nearest climate station: Mylnefield (1991-2020 period) |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=metoffice.gov.uk |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145712/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gfjc4jejv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfjchqjr3 |title=Dundee climate information |publisher=Met Office |access-date=5 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170027/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfjchqjr3 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source 2 = KNMI/ Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=SU&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-642500.000002&miny=-4174880.952380&maxx=224166.666666&maxy=-3524880.952379&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=280&mainmap.y=207&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom |title=Climate Normals and extremes |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]] |access-date=22 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513211729/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=SU&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-642500.000002&miny=-4174880.952380&maxx=224166.666666&maxy=-3524880.952379&MapSize=560,420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=280&mainmap.y=207&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Meteoclimat<ref name="climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org"/>
| date=August 2015}}