Editing Duḥkha (section)

==Hinduism==
In Hinduism, ''duḥkha'' encompasses many meanings such as the phenomenological senses of pain and grief, a deep-seated dissatisfaction with the limitations of worldly existence, and the devastation of impermanence.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grebe |first1=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVu7EAAAQBAJ |title=T&T Clark Handbook of Suffering and the Problem of Evil |last2=Grössl |first2=Johannes |date=2023-07-13 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-567-68245-1 |pages=559 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Hindu]] scriptures, the earliest [[Upanishads|Upani{{IAST|ṣ}}ads]] — the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|{{IAST|Bṛhadāraṇyaka}}]] and the [[Chandogya Upanishad|{{IAST|Chāndogya}}]] — in all likelihood predate the advent of Buddhism.{{refn|group=note|See, e.g., [[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), ''Upani{{IAST|ṣ}}ads'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press), {{ISBN|978-0-19-283576-5}}, p. xxxvi: "The scholarly consensus, well-founded I think, is that the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|{{IAST|Bṛhadāraṇyaka}}]] and the {{IAST|Chāndogya}} are the two earliest [[Upanishads|Upani{{IAST|ṣ}}ads]]....  The two texts as we have them are, in all likelihood, pre-Buddhist; placing them in the seventh to sixth centuries BCE may be reasonable, give or take a century or so."}}  In these scriptures of Hinduism, the Sanskrit word ''du{{IAST|ḥ}}kha'' (दुःख) appears in the sense of "suffering, sorrow, distress", and in the context of a spiritual pursuit and liberation through the knowledge of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] ('essence').<ref name="olivellebu44142" /><ref name="Deussen1980p497">{{cite book| author=Paul Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PR497| year=1980| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted)| isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=482–485, 497}}</ref><ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n281/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad], The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 261-262</ref>

The concept of sorrow and suffering, and self-knowledge as a means to overcome it, appears extensively with other terms in the pre-Buddhist Upanishads.<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Deussen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC |title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted) |year=1980 |isbn=978-81-208-1468-4 |pages=112, 161, 176, 198, 202–203, 235, 455, etc.}}</ref> The term ''Duhkha'' also appears in many other middle and later post-Buddhist Upanishads such as the verse 6.20 of [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Deussen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PR326 |title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted) |year=1980 |isbn=978-81-208-1468-4 |page=326}}</ref> as well as in the [[Bhagavad Gita]], all in the contexts of [[moksha]] and [[bhakti]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Deussen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PR305 |title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted) |year=1980 |isbn=978-81-208-1468-4 |page=305}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|See ''Bhagavad Gita'' verses 2.56, 5.6, 6.22-32, 8.15, 10.4, 13.6-8, 14.16, 17.9, 18.8, etc;{{Sfn|Sargeant|2009}}}}

The term also appears in the foundational Sutras of the six schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], such as the opening lines of ''Samkhya karika'' of the [[Samkhya]] school.<ref>Original Sanskrit: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/IshvarakRiShNasAnkyakArikA.pdf Samkhya karika] Compiled and indexed by Ferenc Ruzsa (2015), Sanskrit Documents Archives;<br />Second Translation (Verse 1): Ferenc Ruzsa (1997), The triple suffering - A note on the Samkhya karika, Xth World Sanskrit Conference: Bangalore, University of Hungary, Budapest;<br />Third Translation (all Verses): [https://archive.org/stream/hinduphilosophys00davi#page/12/mode/2up Samkhyakarika of Iswara Krishna] John Davis (Translator), Trubner, London, University of Toronto Archives</ref><ref name="colebrookesktrans">[http://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/transclusions/18/37/1837_SankhyaKarikaHTColebrook.pdf Samkhya karika] by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press</ref> The Samkhya school identifies three types of suffering.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gächter |first=Othmar |date=1998 |title=Evil and Suffering in Hinduism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40464839 |journal=Anthropos |volume=93 |issue=4/6 |pages=393–403 |issn=0257-9774 |jstor=40464839}}</ref> The [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]] state that "for one who has discrimination, everything is suffering" ('''''duḥkham''' eva sarvaṁ vivekinaḥ'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |author-link=Edwin Bryant (Indologist) |title=The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali |date=2009 |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=978-0865477360 |page=302}}</ref>

Some of the Hindu scripture verses referring to ''duhkha'' are:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Hindu Scripture
!Sanskrit
!English
|-
|Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (Verse 4.4.14)
|{{IAST|ihaiva santo 'tha vidmas tad vayaṃ na ced avedir mahatī vinaṣṭiḥ<br />ye tad vidur amṛtās te bhavanty athetare '''duḥkham''' evāpiyanti}}<ref>[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]], Retrieved 16 May 2016 from "SanskritDocuments.Org" at [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brinew-proofed.html?lang=sa Brihadaranyaka IV.iv.14], Original: इहैव सन्तोऽथ विद्मस्तद्वयं विद्मस् तद् वयम्न चेदवेदिर्महती विनष्टिः । ये तद्विदुरमृतास्ते भवन्त्य् अथेतरे '''दुःख'''मेवापियन्ति ॥ १४ ॥</ref>
|While we are still here, we have come to know it <nowiki>[</nowiki>''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|{{IAST|ā}}tman]]'']. If you've not known it, great is your destruction.

Those who have known it – they become immortal. As for the rest – only suffering awaits them.<ref name="olivellebu44142">[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] 4 April 2014, trans. Patrick Olivelle (1996), p. 66.</ref>
|-
|Chāndogya Upaniṣad (Verse 7.26.2)
|{{IAST|na paśyo mṛtyuṃ paśyati na rogaṃ nota '''duḥkhatām'''<br />sarvaṃ ha paśyaḥ paśyati sarvam āpnoti sarvaśaḥ}}<ref>[[Chandogya Upanishad]] 7,26.2.  Retrieved 16 May 2016 from [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_४ Wikisource छान्दोग्योपनिषद् ४ ॥ षड्विंशः खण्डः ॥], Quote: तदेष श्लोको न पश्यो मृत्युं पश्यति न रोगं नोत '''दुःखताँ''' सर्वँ ह पश्यः पश्यति सर्वमाप्नोति सर्वश इति ।</ref>
|When a man rightly sees, he sees no death, no sickness or distress.{{refn|[[Max Muller]] translates ''Duḥkhatām'' in this verse as "pain".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/124/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad 7.26.2], Max Muller (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 124</ref>|group=note}}

When a man rightly sees, he sees all, he wins all, completely.<ref>[[Chandogya Upanishad]] 7.26.2, trans. Patrick Olivelle (1996), p. 166.</ref>{{refn|This statement is comparable to the Pali Canon's [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]] ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 56.11) where sickness and death are identified as examples of ''dukkha''.|group=note}}
|-
|Bhagavad Gita (Verse 2.56)
|'''''duḥkh'''''eṣhv-anudvigna-manāḥ sukheṣhu vigata-spṛihaḥ
vīta-rāga-bhaya-krodhaḥ sthita-dhīr munir uchyate
|One whose mind remains undisturbed amidst misery, who does not crave for pleasure, and who is free from attachment, fear, and anger, is called a sage of steady wisdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukundananda |first=Swami |title=BG 2.56: Chapter 2, Verse 56 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda |url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/2/verse/56 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Bhagavad Gita (Verse 8.15)
|mām upetya punar janma '''''duḥkh'''''ālayam aśāśvatam
nāpnuvanti mahātmānaḥ saṁsiddhiṁ paramāṁ gatāḥ
|Reaching me, these great souls never again experience birth in this temporal abode of misery, for they have attained the ultimate perfection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B.V. Tripurari |first=Swami |title=BG 8.15: Chapter 8, Verse 15 – Bhagavad Gita, Its Feeling and Philosophy – Swami B.V. Tripurari |url=http://swamitripurari.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/bhagavad_gita.pdf |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.swamitripurari.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}