Editing Douglas MacArthur (section)

==Between the wars==

===Superintendent of the United States Military Academy===
[[File:Douglas MacArthur as USMA Superintendent.jpg|thumb|left|upright|MacArthur as West Point Superintendent|alt=Man wearing peaked cap, Sam Browne belt, and shiny riding boots.]]

Shortly after the return home, MacArthur's 84th Brigade was demobilized at [[Camp Dodge]], [[Iowa]], on 12 May 1919.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=116}} The following month, he became [[Superintendents of the United States Military Academy|Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy]] at West Point, which General March, "an acerbic, thin-lipped intellectual",{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=116}} felt had become out of date in many respects and was much in need of reform.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=77}} Accepting the post, "one of the most prestigious in the army",{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=117}} also allowed MacArthur to retain his rank of brigadier general (which was only temporary and for the duration of the war), instead of being reduced to his [[Substantive rank#Types of rank|substantive]] rank of major like many of his contemporaries.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=117}}{{sfn|Perret|1996|p=114}} When MacArthur moved into the superintendent's house with his mother,{{sfn|James|1970|p=265}} he became the youngest superintendent since [[Sylvanus Thayer]] in 1817.{{sfn|James|1970|p=261}}{{sfn|Perret|1996|p=115}} However, whereas Thayer had faced opposition from outside the army, MacArthur had to overcome resistance from graduates and the academic board.{{sfn|Leary|2001|p=10}}

MacArthur's vision of what was required of an officer came not just from his recent experience of combat in France, but also from that of the occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. The military government of the Rhineland had required the Army to deal with political, economic and social problems but he had found that many West Point graduates had little or no knowledge of fields outside of the military sciences.{{sfn|James|1970|p=265}} During the war, West Point had been reduced to little more than an [[officer candidate school]], with five classes being graduated in two years. Cadet and staff morale was low and hazing "at an all-time peak of viciousness".{{sfn|James|1970|p=262}} MacArthur's first change turned out to be the easiest. Congress had set the length of the course at three years. MacArthur was able to get the four-year course restored.{{sfn|Leary|2001|p=11}}

During the debate over the length of the course, ''[[The New York Times]]'' brought up the issue of the cloistered and undemocratic nature of student life at West Point.{{sfn|Leary|2001|p=11}} Also, starting with Harvard University in 1869, civilian universities had begun grading students on academic performance alone, but West Point had retained the old "whole man" [[Definitions of education|concept of education]]. MacArthur sought to modernize the system, expanding the concept of military character to include bearing, leadership, efficiency and athletic performance. He formalized the hitherto unwritten [[Cadet Honor Code]] in 1922 when he formed the Cadet Honor Committee to review alleged code violations. Elected by the cadets themselves, it had no authority to punish, but acted as a kind of grand jury, reporting offenses to the commandant.{{sfn|Leary|2001|pp=24–25}} MacArthur attempted to end hazing by using officers rather than upperclassmen to train the [[plebe]]s.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=278–279}}

Instead of the traditional summer camp at [[Fort Clinton]], MacArthur had the cadets trained to use modern weapons by regular army sergeants at [[Fort Dix]]; they then marched back to West Point with full packs.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=278–279}} He attempted to modernize the curriculum by adding liberal arts, government and economics courses, but encountered strong resistance from the academic board. In Military Art classes, the study of the campaigns of the American Civil War was replaced with the study of those of World War I. In History class, more emphasis was placed on the Far East. MacArthur expanded the sports program, increasing the number of intramural sports and requiring all cadets to participate.{{sfn|Leary|2001|pp=20–21}} He allowed upper class cadets to leave the reservation, and sanctioned a cadet newspaper, ''The Brag'', forerunner of today's ''West Pointer''. He also permitted cadets to travel to watch their football team play, and gave them a monthly allowance of $5 ({{inflation|US|5|1922|fmt=eq}}).{{inflation/fn|US}} Professors and alumni alike protested these radical moves.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=278–279}} Most of MacArthur's West Point reforms were soon discarded but, in the ensuing years, his ideas became accepted and his innovations were gradually restored.{{sfn|Leary|2001|pp=26–27}}

===Army's youngest major general===
MacArthur became romantically involved with socialite and multi-millionaire heiress [[Louise Cromwell Brooks]]. They were married at her family's villa in Palm Beach, Florida, on 14 February 1922. Rumors circulated that General Pershing, who had also courted Louise, had threatened to exile them to the Philippines if they were married. Pershing denied this as "all damn poppycock".{{sfn|James|1970|p=291}} More recently, Richard B. Frank has written that Pershing and Brooks had already "severed" their relationship by the time of MacArthur's transfer; Brooks was, however, "informal[ly]" engaged to a close aide of Pershing's (she broke off the relationship in order to accept MacArthur's proposal). Pershing's letter concerning MacArthur's transfer predated—by a few days—Brooks's and MacArthur's engagement announcement, though this did not dispel the newspaper gossip.{{sfn|Frank|2007|pp=14–15}} In October 1922, MacArthur left West Point and sailed to the Philippines with Louise and her two children, Walter and Louise, to assume command of the Military District of Manila.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|pp=130–132}} MacArthur was fond of the children, and spent much of his free time with them.{{sfn|James|1970|p=320}}

[[File:MacARTHUR, DOUGLAS. GENERAL LCCN2016859444 (cropped).jpg|thumb|MacArthur {{circa|1925}}]]
The [[Philippine–American War|revolts in the Philippines]] had been suppressed, the islands were peaceful now, and in the wake of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]], the garrison was being reduced.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=295–297}} MacArthur's friendships with Filipinos like [[Manuel Quezon]] offended some people. "The old idea of colonial exploitation", he later conceded, "still had its vigorous supporters."{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=84}} In February and March 1923 MacArthur returned to Washington to see his mother, who was ill from a heart ailment. She recovered, but it was the last time he saw his brother Arthur, who died suddenly from [[appendicitis]] in December 1923. In June 1923, MacArthur assumed command of the 23rd Infantry Brigade of the [[Philippine Division (United States)|Philippine Division]]. On 7 July 1924, he was informed that a mutiny had broken out amongst the [[Philippine Scouts]] over grievances concerning pay and allowances. Over 200 were arrested and there were fears of an insurrection. MacArthur was able to calm the situation, but his subsequent efforts to improve the salaries of Filipino troops were frustrated by financial stringency and racial prejudice. On 17 January 1925, at the age of 44, he was promoted, becoming the Army's youngest major general.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=300–305}}

Returning to the U.S., MacArthur took command of the [[Corps area|IV Corps Area]], based at [[Fort McPherson]] in Atlanta, Georgia, on 2 May 1925.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=307–310}} However, he encountered southern prejudice because he was the son of a Union Army officer, and he requested to be relieved.{{sfn|Rhoades|1987|p=287}} A few months later, he assumed command of the III Corps area, based at [[Fort McHenry]] in Baltimore, Maryland. The transfer allowed MacArthur and Louise to move to her Rainbow Hill estate, near [[Garrison, Maryland]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=307–310}} However, this relocation also led to what he later described as "one of the most distasteful orders I ever received":{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=85}} a direction to serve on the court-martial of Brigadier General [[Billy Mitchell]]. MacArthur was the youngest of the thirteen judges, none of whom had aviation experience. Three of them, including Summerall, the president of the court, were removed when defense challenges revealed bias against Mitchell. Despite MacArthur's claim that he had voted to acquit, Mitchell was found guilty as charged and convicted.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=307–310}} MacArthur felt "that a senior officer should not be silenced for being at variance with his superiors in rank and with accepted doctrine".{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=85}}

In 1927, MacArthur and Louise separated,{{sfn|James|1970|p=322}} and she moved to New York City, adopting as her residence the entire twenty-sixth floor of a [[Manhattan]] hotel.{{sfn|Borneman|2016|pp=32–34}} In August that year, [[William C. Prout]]—the president of the [[United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee|American Olympic Committee]]—died suddenly and the committee elected MacArthur as their new president. His main task was to prepare the [[United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics|U.S. team]] for the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] in Amsterdam, where the Americans won the most medals.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=325–332}} Upon returning to the U.S., MacArthur received orders to assume command of the [[Philippine Department]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=325–332}} This time, the general travelled alone.{{sfn|Borneman|2016|pp=32–34}} On 17 June 1929, while he was in Manila, Louise obtained a divorce, ostensibly on the grounds of "failure to provide".<ref name="NYT 18 June 1929" /> In view of Louise's great wealth, [[William Manchester]] described this legal fiction as "preposterous".{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=141}} Both later acknowledged the real reason to be "incompatibility".{{sfn|Frank|2007|pp=14–15}}

===Chief of Staff===
By 1930, MacArthur was 50 and still the youngest and one of the best known of the U.S. Army's major generals. He left the Philippines on 19 September 1930 and for a brief time was in command of the IX Corps Area in San Francisco. On 21 November, he was sworn in as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, with the rank of general.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=340–347}} While in Washington, he would ride home each day to have lunch with his mother. At his desk, he would wear a Japanese ceremonial [[kimono]], cool himself with an oriental fan, and smoke cigarettes in a jeweled [[cigarette holder]]. In the evenings, he liked to read military history books. About this time, he began referring to himself as "MacArthur".{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=145}} He had already hired a public relations staff to promote his image with the American public, together with a set of ideas he was known to favor, namely: a belief that America needed a strongman leader to deal with the possibility that Communists might lead all of the great masses of unemployed into a revolution; that America's destiny was in the Asia-Pacific region; and a strong hostility to the British Empire.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2001|p=181}} One contemporary described MacArthur as the greatest actor to ever serve as a U.S. Army general while another wrote that MacArthur had a court rather than a staff.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2001|p=182}}

The onset of the [[Great Depression]] prompted Congress to make cuts in the Army's personnel and budget. Some 53 bases were closed, but MacArthur managed to prevent attempts to reduce the number of regular officers from 12,000 to 10,000.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=357–361}} MacArthur's main programs included the development of new mobilization plans. He grouped the nine corps areas together under four armies, which were charged with responsibility for training and frontier defense.{{sfn|James|1970|p=367}} He also negotiated the MacArthur-Pratt agreement with the [[Chief of Naval Operations]], [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[William V. Pratt]]. This was the first of a series of inter-service agreements over the following decades that defined the responsibilities of the different services with respect to aviation. This agreement placed coastal air defense under the Army. In March 1935, MacArthur activated a centralized air command, [[General Headquarters Air Force]], under General [[Frank M. Andrews]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=458–460}}

By rapidly promoting Andrews from lieutenant colonel to brigadier general MacArthur supported Andrews' endorsement of the [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] heavy bomber and the concept of long-range four-engine bombers. This was controversial at the time because most high-ranking Army generals and officials in the War Department supported twin-engine bombers like the [[Douglas B-18 Bolo]] heavy bomber. After MacArthur left his position as Army Chief of Staff in October 1935 his successor [[Malin Craig]] and War Secretary [[Harry Hines Woodring]] ordered a halt to research and development of the B-17 and in 1939 zero four-engine bombers were ordered by the War Department and instead hundreds of inferior B-18s and other twin-engine bombers were ordered and delivered to the Army. Andrews, thanks to MacArthur putting him in a position of power in 1935, was able to use bureaucratic loopholes to covertly order research and development of the B-17 to the point that when the Army and President Roosevelt finally endorsed four-engine bombers in 1940 B-17s were able to be immediately produced with no delays related to research and testing.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://media.defense.gov/2016/Mar/14/2001480192/-1/-1/0/0908GHQ.PDF |title=GHQ Air Force |last=Correll |first=John T. |magazine=Air Force Magazine |date=September 2008 |pages=64–66 |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rise of the Air Corps |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/rise-of-the-air-corps/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

The development of the [[M1 Garand]] rifle also happened during MacArthur's tenure as chief of staff. There was a debate over what caliber the M1 Garand should use. Many in the Army and Marine Corps wanted the new rifle to use the [[.276 Pedersen]] round. MacArthur personally intervened and ordered the M1 Garand to use the [[.30-06 Springfield]] round, which was what the [[M1903 Springfield]] used. This allowed the military to use the same ammunition for both the old standard service M1903 Springfield rifles and the future new standard service M1 Garand. The M1 Garand, chambered in .30-06 Springfield, was cleared for service in November 1935 and officially adopted in January 1936 as the new Army service rifle just a few months after MacArthur finished his tour of duty as chief of staff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M1 Garand Semi-Automatic Rifle {{!}} MilitaryToday.com |url=https://www.militarytoday.com/firearms/m1_garand.htm |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.militarytoday.com |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928040328/https://www.militarytoday.com/firearms/m1_garand.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1977). "Garand". The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare. Vol. 10. London: Phoebus. p. 1088.</ref>

====Bonus Army====
One of MacArthur's most controversial acts came in 1932, when the "[[Bonus Army]]" of veterans converged on Washington. He sent tents and camp equipment to the demonstrators, along with mobile kitchens, until an outburst in Congress caused the kitchens to be withdrawn. MacArthur was concerned that the demonstration had been taken over by communists and pacifists but the General Staff's intelligence division reported that only three of the march's 26 key leaders were communists. MacArthur went over contingency plans for civil disorder in the capital. Mechanized equipment was brought to Fort Myer, where anti-riot training was conducted.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=389–392}}

[[File:Bonus marchers 05510 2004 001 a.gif|thumb|left|Bonus Army marchers confront the police.|alt= Police with batons confront demonstrators armed with bricks and clubs. A policeman and a demonstrator wrestle over a U.S. flag.]]
On 28 July 1932, in a clash with the District police, two veterans were shot, and later died. President [[Herbert Hoover]] ordered MacArthur to "surround the affected area and clear it without delay".{{sfn|James|1970|p=397}} MacArthur brought up troops and tanks and, against the advice of Major [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], decided to accompany the troops, although he was not in charge of the operation. The troops advanced with bayonets and sabers drawn under a shower of bricks and rocks, but no shots were fired. In less than four hours, they cleared the Bonus Army's campground using tear gas. The gas canisters started a number of fires, causing the only death during the riots. While not as violent as other anti-riot operations, it was nevertheless a public relations disaster.{{sfn|Leary|2001|pp=36–38}} However, the defeat of the "Bonus Army", while unpopular with the American people at large, did make MacArthur into the hero of the more right-wing elements in the Republican Party who believed that the general had saved America from a communist revolution in 1932.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2001|p=181}}

In 1934, MacArthur sued journalists [[Drew Pearson (journalist)|Drew Pearson]] and [[Robert S. Allen]] for defamation after they described his treatment of the Bonus marchers as "unwarranted, unnecessary, insubordinate, harsh and brutal".{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=156}} Also accused for proposing 19-gun salutes for friends, MacArthur asked for $750,000 (equivalent to ${{format price|{{inflation|US-GDP|750000|1934}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} to compensate for the damage to his reputation.<ref>{{cite web |last= Stein |first= Jacob A. |date= November 2001 |title= Legal Spectator: Defamation |website=DCBar.org |url= https://www.dcbar.org/bar-resources/publications/washington-lawyer/articles/november-2001-legal-spectator.cfm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050331/https://www.dcbar.org/bar-resources/publications/washington-lawyer/articles/november-2001-legal-spectator.cfm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 5 November 2016}}</ref> The journalists threatened to call [[Isabel Rosario Cooper]] as a witness. MacArthur had met Isabel while in the Philippines, and she had become his mistress. MacArthur was forced to settle out of court, secretly paying Pearson $15,000{{sfn|Petillo|1981|pp=164–166}} ({{inflation|US-GDP|15000|1934|r=-3|fmt=eq}}).{{inflation/fn|US-GDP}}

====New Deal====
[[File:Civilian Conservation Corps - NARA - 195832.jpg|thumb|right|Civilian Conservation Corps workers on a project alongside a road|alt=Five workmen. One is holding a shovel, while the other four are laying bricks to form a drainage ditch along the side of a road.]]
In the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932 presidential election]], Herbert Hoover was defeated by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. MacArthur and Roosevelt had worked together before World War I and had remained friends despite their political differences. MacArthur supported the [[New Deal]] through the Army's operation of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]]. He ensured that detailed plans were drawn up for its employment and decentralized its administration to the corps areas, which became an important factor in the program's success.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=415–420}} MacArthur's support for a strong military, and his public criticism of pacifism and isolationism,{{sfn|James|1970|pp=376–377}} made him unpopular with the Roosevelt administration.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=445–447}}

Perhaps the most incendiary exchange between Roosevelt and MacArthur occurred over an administration proposal to cut 51% of the Army's budget. In response, MacArthur lectured Roosevelt that "when we lost the next war, and an American boy, lying in the mud with an enemy bayonet through his belly and an enemy foot on his dying throat, spat out his last curse, I wanted the name not to be MacArthur, but Roosevelt". In response, Roosevelt yelled, "you must not talk that way to the President!" MacArthur offered to resign, but Roosevelt refused his request, and MacArthur then staggered out of the White House and vomited on the front steps.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=101}}

In spite of such exchanges, MacArthur was extended an extra year as chief of staff, and ended his tour in October 1935.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=445–447}} For his service as chief of staff, he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal. He was retroactively awarded two Purple Hearts for his World War I service,{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=102–103}} a decoration that he authorized in 1932 based loosely on the defunct Military Badge of Merit. MacArthur insisted on being the first recipient of the Purple Heart, which he had engraved with "#1".{{sfn|Vierk|2005|p=231}}{{sfn|Thompson|2006|p=72}}

===Field Marshal of the Philippine Army===
When the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] achieved semi-independent status in 1935, [[President of the Philippines]] Manuel Quezon asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army. Quezon and MacArthur had been personal friends since the latter's [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|father]] had been [[Governor-General of the Philippines]], 35 years earlier. With President Roosevelt's approval, MacArthur accepted the assignment. It was agreed that MacArthur would receive the rank of [[field marshal]], with its salary and allowances, in addition to his major general's salary as [[Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines|Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=479–484}} This made him the best-paid soldier in the world.<!--"MacArthur's contract with the Philippines guaranteed him an annual salary equivalent to $18,000 per year plus $15,000 in yearly allowances. This was on top of MacArthur's full pay as a U.S. major general, since he would remain on active duty. He thus became the best-paid soldier in the world."-->{{sfn|Frank|2007|p=34}} It would be his fifth tour in the Far East. MacArthur sailed from San Francisco on the {{SS|President Hoover}} in October 1935,{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=103}} accompanied by his mother and sister-in-law. He brought Eisenhower and Major [[James B. Ord]] along as his assistants.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=485–486}} Another passenger on the ''President Hoover'' was [[Jean MacArthur|Jean Marie Faircloth]], an unmarried 37-year-old socialite. Over the next two years, MacArthur and Faircloth were frequently seen together.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=494–495}} His mother became gravely ill during the voyage and died in Manila on 3 December 1935.{{sfn|Petillo|1981|pp=175–176}}

[[File:CampMurphy.jpg|thumb|left|Ceremony at [[Camp Aguinaldo|Camp Murphy]], 15 August 1941, marking the induction of the Philippine Army Air Corps. Behind MacArthur, from left to right, are Lieutenant Colonel Richard K. Sutherland, Colonel [[Harold H. George]], Lieutenant Colonel [[William F. Marquat]] and Major [[LeGrande A. Diller]].|alt=MacArthur stands in uniform at four microphones on stands. Behind him four men in army uniforms stand at attention. There are viewed by a large crowd of well-dressed men, women and children in skirts, suits and uniforms.]]
President Quezon officially conferred the title of field marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at [[Malacañan Palace]] on 24 August 1936. [[Eisenhower]] recalled finding the ceremony "rather fantastic". He found it "pompous and rather ridiculous to be the field marshal of a virtually nonexisting army." Eisenhower learned later on that the field-marshalship had not been (as he had assumed) Quezon's idea. "I was surprised to learn from him that he had not initiated the idea at all; rather, Quezon said that MacArthur himself came up with the high-sounding title."{{sfn|James|1970|p=506}} (A persistent myth has pervaded the biographical literature, to the effect that MacArthur wore a "specially designed [[sharkskin]] uniform" at the 1936 ceremony to go with his new rank of Philippine Field Marshal. Richard Meixsel has debunked this story; in fact the special uniform was "the creation of a poorly informed journalist in 1937 who mistook a recently introduced U.S. Army white dress uniform for a distinctive field marshal's attire.")<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meixsel |first1=Richard |title=A Uniform Story |journal=The Journal of Military History |date=2005 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=791–799|doi=10.1353/jmh.2005.0172 |s2cid=159484676 | issn=0899-3718}}</ref>

The Philippine Army was formed from conscription. Training was conducted by a regular cadre, and the [[Philippine Military Academy]] was created along the lines of West Point to train officers.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=103–105}} MacArthur and Eisenhower found that few of the training camps had been constructed and the first group of 20,000 trainees did not report until early 1937.{{sfn|James|1970|p=504}} Equipment and weapons were "more or less obsolete" American cast offs, and the budget was completely inadequate.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=103–105}} MacArthur's requests for equipment fell on deaf ears, although MacArthur and his naval adviser, Lieutenant Colonel Sidney L. Huff, persuaded the Navy to initiate the development of the [[PT boat]].{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=106}} Much hope was placed in the [[Philippine Army Air Corps]], but the first squadron was not organized until 1939.{{sfn|James|1970|p=547}} Article XIX of the 1922 [[Washington Naval Treaty#Pacific bases|Washington Naval Treaty]] banned the construction of new fortifications or naval bases in all Pacific Ocean territories and colonies of the five signatories from 1923 to 1936. Also, military bases like at [[Clark Air Base|Clark]] and [[Fort Mills|Corregidor]] were not allowed to be expanded or modernized during that 13-year period. For example, the [[Malinta Tunnel#Construction|Malinta Tunnel]] on Corregidor was constructed from 1932 to 1934 with condemned [[TNT]] and without a single dollar from the U.S. government because of the treaty. This added to the numerous challenges facing MacArthur and Quezon.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Washington Naval Conference, 1921–1922 |series= Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations |publisher= Office of the Historian, U. S. Department of State |url= https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/naval-conference |access-date= 11 April 2021 |quote= "Though [the Five-Power Treaty] was widely regarded as a success, the inclusion of Article XIX, which recognized the status quo of U.S., British, and Japanese bases in the Pacific but outlawed their expansion, created a controversy amongst U.S. policymakers. Many of the members of the U.S. Navy in particular worried that limiting the expansion of fortifications in the Pacific would endanger U.S. holdings in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines." |archive-date= 29 December 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003632/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/naval-conference |url-status= live }}</ref>

In Manila, MacArthur was a member of the [[Freemasons]]. On 28 March 1936, he became a 32nd degree Scottish Rite Freemason.{{sfn|Denslow|1957|p=112}}<ref>{{cite web |title= Famous Freemasons, M–Z |website= Lodge St. Patrick, New Zealand |url= http://www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz/famous2.php#M |access-date= 11 April 2021 |archive-date= 24 August 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150824085224/http://www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz/famous2.php#M |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Douglas MacArthur: Mason at Sight |url=https://scottishritenmj.org/blog/general-macarthur-freemason |website=scottishritenmj.org |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

MacArthur married Jean Faircloth in a civil ceremony on 30 April 1937.{{sfn|James|1970|p=513}} Their marriage produced a son, [[Arthur MacArthur IV]], who was born in Manila on 21 February 1938.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=107}} On 31 December 1937, MacArthur officially retired from the Army. He ceased to represent the U.S. as military adviser to the government, but remained as Quezon's adviser in a civilian capacity.{{sfn|James|1970|p=525}} Eisenhower returned to the U.S., and was replaced as MacArthur's chief of staff by Lieutenant Colonel [[Richard K. Sutherland]], while [[Richard J. Marshall]] became deputy chief of staff.{{sfn|Rogers|1990|pp=39–40}}