Editing Distance education (section)

=== Radio and television ===
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | audio1 = [http://www.wnyc.org/story/745-air-college-talk/ Air college talk.], 2:45, 2 December 1931, [[WNYC (AM)|WNYC]]<ref name="smarth">{{cite web | title = Air college talk. | publisher = www.wnyc.org | date = 2 December 1931 | url = http://www.wnyc.org/story/745-air-college-talk/ | access-date = 5 November 2016 }}</ref> }}
The rapid spread of film in the 1920s and radio in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for distance education.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cuban |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQeEn1vEUSQC |title=Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920 |date=1986-06-15 |publisher=Teachers College Press |isbn=978-0-8077-2792-8 |language=en}}</ref> By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities broadcast educational programs for public schools.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tyson | first1 = Levering | year = 1936 | title = Ten Years of Educational Broadcasting | journal = [[School and Society]] | volume = 44 | pages = 225–31 }}</ref> One line of thought was to use radio as a master teacher.
{{blockquote|Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the public school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and keeping order in the classroom.<ref>Lloyd Allen Cook.  (1938). ''Community Backgrounds of Education: A Textbook and Educational Sociology'', pp&nbsp;249–250</ref>}}

The first large-scale implementation of radio for distance education [[Distance education in Chicago Public Schools in 1937|took place in 1937 in Chicago]]. During a three-week school closure implemented in response to a [[polio]] outbreak that the city was experiencing, [[William Johnson (educator)|superintendent of Chicago Public Schools William Johnson]] and assistant superintendent Minnie Fallon implemented a program of distance learning that provided the city's [[Primary school|elementary school]] students with instruction through radio broadcasts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Strauss |first1=Valerie |last2=Hines |first2=Michael |title=Perspective {{!}} In Chicago, schools closed during a 1937 polio epidemic and kids learned from home — over the radio |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/04/03/chicago-schools-closed-during-1937-polio-epidemic-kids-learned-home-over-radio/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Theresa Mary |title=Coping with Administrative Pressures in the Chicago Schools' Superintendency: An Analysis of William Henry Johnson, 1936-1946 |url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3615&context=luc_diss |publisher=Loyola University Chicago |access-date=15 August 2021 |date=1988|page= 126}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Foss |first1=Katherine A. |title=Remote learning isn't new: Radio instruction in the 1937 polio epidemic |url=https://theconversation.com/remote-learning-isnt-new-radio-instruction-in-the-1937-polio-epidemic-143797 |website=The Conversation |access-date=16 August 2021 |language=en |date=5 October 2020}}</ref>

A typical setup came in Kentucky in 1948 when [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]], president of the [[University of Louisville]], teamed up with [[NBC]] to use radio as a medium for distance education. The chairman of the [[Federal Communications Commission]] endorsed the project and predicted that the "college-by-radio" would put "American education 25&nbsp;years ahead". The university was owned by the city, and local residents would pay the low tuition rates, receive their study materials in the mail, and listen by radio to live classroom discussions that were held on campus.<ref>Dwayne D. Cox and William J. Morison. (1999). ''The University of Louisville'', pp&nbsp;115–117</ref> Physicist [[Daniel Q. Posin]] also was a pioneer in the field of distance education when he hosted a televised course through [[DePaul University]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vyse|first1=Stuart|title=Before Carl Sagan and Neil deGrasse Tyson, There Was Dan Q. Posin|url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/before_carl_sagan_and_neil_degrasse_tyson_there_was_dan_q._posin|website=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|date=November 2017 |access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424223305/https://www.csicop.org/si/show/before_carl_sagan_and_neil_degrasse_tyson_there_was_dan_q._posin|archive-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Charles Wedemeyer]] of the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] also promoted new methods. From 1964 to 1968, the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York|Carnegie Foundation]] funded Wedemeyer's ''Articulated Instructional Media Project'' (AIM) which brought in a variety of communications technologies aimed at providing learning to an off-campus population. The radio courses faded away in the 1950s.<ref>Cuban. (1986). ''Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920'', pp&nbsp;19–26</ref> Many efforts to use television along the same lines proved unsuccessful, despite heavy funding by the [[Ford Foundation]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christopher H. Sterling|author2=Cary O'Dell|title=The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmmLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA609|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|page=609|isbn=978-1-135-17684-6}}</ref><ref>Robert J. Taggart. (2007). "The Promise and Failure of Educational Television in a Statewide System: Delaware, 1964–1971." ''American Educational History Journal'', ''24''&nbsp;(1), 111–122. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n_eEVfDG44kC&pg=PA111 online]</ref><ref>Cuban (1986). ''Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920'', pp&nbsp;27–50</ref>

From 1970 to 1972 the Coordinating Commission for Higher Education in California funded Project Outreach to study the potential of tele-courses. The study included the [[University of California]], [[California State University]], and community colleges. This study led to coordinated instructional systems legislation allowing the use of public funds for non-classroom instruction and paved the way for the emergence of tele-courses as the precursor to the online courses and programs of today. The [[Coastline Community College]]s, The [[Dallas College|Dallas County Community College District]], and [[Miami Dade College|Miami Dade Community College]] led the way. The ''Adult Learning Service'' of the US [[Public Broadcasting Service]] came into being and the "wrapped" series, and individually produced tele-course for credit became a significant part of the history of distance education and online learning.