Editing Disinformation (section)

== Response ==

=== Responses from cultural leaders ===
[[Pope Francis]] condemned disinformation in a 2016 interview, after being made the subject of a [[fake news website]] during the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 U.S. election]] cycle which falsely claimed that he supported [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="popewarnsnyt">{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/12/07/world/europe/ap-eu-rel-vatican-fake-news.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 December 2016|access-date=7 December 2016|agency=[[Associated Press]]|title=Pope Warns About Fake News-From Experience|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207180844/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/12/07/world/europe/ap-eu-rel-vatican-fake-news.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="alyssanewcomb">{{citation|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=16 November 2016|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-google-crack-down-fake-news-advertising-n684101|title=Facebook, Google Crack Down on Fake News Advertising|author=Alyssa Newcomb|publisher=NBC News|date=15 November 2016|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406233151/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-google-crack-down-fake-news-advertising-n684101|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="didthepope">{{citation|url=http://www.factcheck.org/2016/10/did-the-pope-endorse-trump/|access-date=7 December 2016|work=[[FactCheck.org]]|title=Did the Pope Endorse Trump?|first=Sydney|last=Schaede|date=24 October 2016|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419232025/https://www.factcheck.org/2016/10/did-the-pope-endorse-trump/|url-status=live}}</ref> He stated that the worst thing the news media could do was spread disinformation and said the act was a [[sin]],<ref name="popewarnsreuters">{{citation|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 December 2016|access-date=7 December 2016|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-media-idUSKBN13W1TU|title=Pope warns media over 'sin' of spreading fake news, smearing politicians|first=Philip|last=Pullella|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123025949/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-media-idUSKBN13W1TU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="harrietsherwood">{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/07/pope-compares-fake-news-consumption-to-eating-faeces-coprophilia|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 December 2016|access-date=7 December 2016|title=Pope Francis compares fake news consumption to eating faeces|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307225737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/07/pope-compares-fake-news-consumption-to-eating-faeces-coprophilia|url-status=live}}</ref> comparing those who spread disinformation to individuals who engage in [[coprophilia]].<ref name="popefranciscompares">{{citation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/12/07/pope-francis-compares-media-who-spread-fake-news-to-people-who-are-excited-by-feces|access-date=7 December 2016|date=7 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Pope Francis compares media that spread fake news to people who are excited by feces|first=Julie|last=Zauzmer|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225913/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/12/07/pope-francis-compares-media-who-spread-fake-news-to-people-who-are-excited-by-feces/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="andrewgriffin">{{citation|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pope-fake-news-francis-sexual-arousal-coprophilia-coprophagia-a7461331.html|access-date=7 December 2016|date=7 December 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Andrew|last=Griffin|title=Pope Francis: Fake news is like getting sexually aroused by faeces|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126190844/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pope-fake-news-francis-sexual-arousal-coprophilia-coprophagia-a7461331.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ethics in warfare ===
In a contribution to the 2014 book ''Military Ethics and Emerging Technologies'', writers David Danks and Joseph H. Danks discuss the ethical implications in using disinformation as a tactic during [[information warfare]].<ref name="daviddanks">{{citation|last1=Danks|first1=David|title=Military Ethics and Emerging Technologies|pages=223–224|year=2014|editor1=Timothy J. Demy|chapter=The Moral Responsibility of Automated Responses During Cyberwarfare|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-73710-4|last2=Danks|first2=Joseph H.|editor2=George R. Lucas Jr.|editor3=Bradley J. Strawser}}</ref> They note there has been a significant degree of philosophical debate over the issue as related to the [[ethics of war]] and use of the technique.<ref name="daviddanks" /> The writers describe a position whereby the use of disinformation is occasionally allowed, but not in all situations.<ref name="daviddanks" /> Typically the ethical test to consider is whether the disinformation was performed out of a motivation of [[good faith]] and acceptable according to the [[rules of war]].<ref name="daviddanks" /> By this test, the tactic during World War II of putting fake inflatable tanks in visible locations on the [[Pacific Islands]] in order to falsely present the impression that there were larger military forces present would be considered as ethically permissible.<ref name="daviddanks" /> Conversely, disguising a munitions plant as a healthcare facility in order to avoid attack would be outside the bounds of acceptable use of disinformation during war.<ref name="daviddanks" />