Editing Diaspora (section)

===Italy===
{{main|Internal migration in Italy}}
[[Image:Castello Enna2.jpg|thumb|[[Castello di Lombardia]], [[Enna]], [[Sicily]]]]
[[File:Centrale termica falck.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Falck Group|Falck steelworks]] in [[Sesto San Giovanni]], in [[Lombardy]], [[Italy]]]]

The oldest [[internal migration in Italy]] goes back to the 11th century when soldiers and settlers from [[Northern Italy]] (at the time collectively called "Lombardy"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/lombardo/|title=Lombardo|accessdate=15 April 2022|work=treccani.it|language=it}}</ref>), settled the central and eastern part of [[Sicily]] during the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]]. After the marriage between the Norman king [[Roger I of Sicily]] with [[Adelaide del Vasto]], member of [[Aleramici]] family, many Lombard colonisers left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]], to settle on the island of Sicily.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323|title=The Society of Norman Italy|author1=Graham A. Loud|author2=Alex Metcalfe|date=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125418}}</ref><ref>These Lombard colonisers were native northern Italians and should not be confused with the Germanic tribe the [[Lombards]], who were referred to as ''longobardi'' to distinguish them from the Italians of the region who were known as ''lombardi''.</ref> The migration of people from Northern Italy to Sicily continued until the end of the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Fiorenzo Toso |title = Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia |publisher = Il Mulino |year = 2008 |page = 137 |isbn = 978-88-15-12677-1|language=it}}</ref> In the same period people from Northern Italy also emigrated to [[Basilicata]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicola De Blasi|title=L'italiano in Basilicata: una storia della lingua dal Medioevo a oggi|page=30|publisher=Il Salice|year=1994|language=it}}</ref> It is believed that the population of Northern Italy who immigrated to Sicily during these centuries was altogether about 200,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.milanocittastato.it/evergreen/forse-non-sapevi-che/i-paesi-della-sicilia-dove-si-parla-lombardo/|title=I PAESI della SICILIA dove si parla LOMBARDO|date=23 October 2021 |accessdate=5 April 2022|language=it}}</ref> Their descendants, who are still present in Sicily today, are called [[Lombards of Sicily]]. Following these ancient migrations, in some municipalities of Sicily and Basilicata, dialects of northern origin are still spoken today, the [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]] and the [[Gallo-Italic of Basilicata]]. 

With the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|fall of Fascist regime]] in 1943, and the end of World War II in 1945, a large internal migratory flow began from one Italian region to another. This internal emigration was sustained and constantly increased by the [[Italian economic miracle|economic growth that Italy experienced]] between the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="uniud">{{cite web|url=https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|title=Una indagine CATI per lo studio della mobilità interna in Italia in un'ottica longitudinale|access-date=8 February 2018|language=it|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420020548/https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Given that this economic growth mostly concerned [[Northwest Italy]], which was involved in the birth of many industrial activities, migratory phenomena affected the peasants of the [[Triveneto]] and [[southern Italy]], who began to move in large numbers.<ref name="uniud" /> Other areas of northern Italy were also affected by emigration such as the rural areas of [[Mantua]] and [[Cremona]]. The destinations of these emigrants were mainly [[Milan]], [[Turin]], [[Varese]], [[Como]], [[Lecco]], and [[Brianza]].<ref name="americacallsitaly">{{cite web |url= http://www.americacallsitaly.org/emigrazioni/migrazioneinterna.htm |title=Emigrazione interna italiana |access-date=8 February 2018 |language=it}}</ref> The rural population of the aforementioned areas began to emigrate to the large industrial centers of the north-west, especially in the so-called "industrial triangle, or the area corresponding to the three-sided polygon with vertices in the cities of Turin, Milan and [[Genoa]].<ref name="uniud" /><ref name="salogentis">{{cite web |url= http://www.salogentis.it/2012/11/16/lemigrazione-interna-italiana-negli-anni-50-e-60/ |title=L'emigrazione interna italiana negli anni '50 e '60 |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=8 February 2018 |language=it}}</ref> Even some cities in central and southern Italy (such as [[Rome]], which was the object of immigration due to employment in the administrative and tertiary sectors) experienced a conspicuous immigration flow.<ref name="uniud" /> 

These migratory movements were accompanied by other flows of lesser intensity, such as transfers from the countryside to smaller cities and travel from mountainous areas to the plains.<ref name="uniud" /> The main reasons that gave rise to this massive migratory flow were linked to the living conditions in the places of origin of the emigrants (which were very harsh), the absence of stable work,<ref name="salogentis" /><ref name="americacallsitaly" /> the high rate of poverty, the poor fertility of many agricultural areas, the fragmentation of land properties,<ref name="MacDonald" /> which characterized southern Italy above all, and the insecurity caused by [[organized crime in Italy|organized crime]].<ref name="americacallsitaly" /> Overall, the Italians who moved from southern to northern Italy amounted to 4 million.<ref name="uniud" /> The migratory flow from the countryside to the big cities also contracted and then stopped in the 1980s.<ref name="uniud" /> At the same time, migratory movements towards medium-sized cities and those destined for small-sized villages increased.<ref name="uniud" />