Editing Cytoplasm (section)

===Controversy and research===
The cytoplasm, mitochondria, and most organelles are contributions to the cell from the maternal gamete. Contrary to the older information that disregards any notion of the cytoplasm being active, new research has shown it to be in control of movement and flow of nutrients in and out of the cell by [[Viscoelasticity|viscoplastic behavior]] and a measure of the reciprocal rate of bond breakage within the cytoplasmic network.<ref name="Viscoplasticity">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feneberg W, Westphal M, Sackmann E |date=August 2001 |title=Dictyostelium cells' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body |journal=European Biophysics Journal |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=284–94 |doi=10.1007/s002490100135 |pmid=11548131 |s2cid=9782043}}</ref>

The material properties of the cytoplasm remain an ongoing investigation. A method of determining the mechanical behaviour of living cell mammalian cytoplasm with the aid of [[optical tweezers]] has been described.<ref name="pmid28827333">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hu J, Jafari S, Han Y, Grodzinsky AJ, Cai S, Guo M |date=September 2017 |title=Size- and speed-dependent mechanical behavior in living mammalian cytoplasm |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=114 |issue=36 |pages=9529–9534 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114.9529H |doi=10.1073/pnas.1702488114 |pmc=5594647 |pmid=28827333 |doi-access=free}}</ref>