Editing Cyrenaica (section)

=== Arab and Ottoman rule ===
{{main|History of Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica|Ottoman Tripolitania|Rashidun Caliphate|Umayyad Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate|Arab migrations to the Maghreb}}

Cyrenaica was conquered by Muslim Arabs under command of [[Amr ibn al-As]] during the tenure of the second caliph, [[Omar]], in {{circa|642}},<ref>{{EI3|last=Krais|first=Jakob|title=Barqa (Cyrenaica)|year=2021|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/barqa-cyrenaica-COM_40395}}</ref> and became known as '''Barqah''' after its provincial capital, the ancient city of [[Barca (ancient city)|Barce]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XO3fLn6wpcC&pg=PA109 |title=The History of al-Tabari: Index |volume=XL |first1=Alex V. |last1=Popovkin |first2=Everett K. |last2=Rowson |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=7 June 2007 |page=109 |isbn=9780791472514}}</ref> After the breakdown of the [[Ummayad caliphate]] it was essentially annexed to Egypt, although still under the same name, first under the [[Fatimid]] caliphs. The region became a base for piracy, and many of the pirates acted as [[Privateer|privateers]] for the Fatimids.<ref name="Goitein">{{cite book |last1=Goitein |first1=S. D. |title=A Mediterranean Society The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Vol. I: Economic Foundations |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520221581 |pages=327–328}}</ref> Around 1051/52, Jabbara, emir of Barqa, transferred his allegiance from the Fatimids to the [[Zirid dynasty|Zirids]].

In the middle of the 11th century, several Arab tribes, including the Bedouin [[Banu Hilal]] confederation devastated the North African coast under Zirid control. Barqa was ravaged by the Hilalian invasion and left to be settled by the [[Banu Sulaym]] while the Banu Hilal marched westwards. The invasion contributed to the decline of the port cities and maritime trade.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UGhbZ40EI8C&q=banu+hilal+linya+ravaged&pg=PA9|title=Islamic Maritime Law: An Introduction|isbn=9004109552|last1=Khalilieh|first1=Hassan Salih|year=1998|publisher=BRILL }}</ref> Up to 200,000 Hilalian families migrated into Cyrenaica from Egypt. As a result of the migration by Arab tribes, Cyrenaica became more Arab than any place in the [[Arab world]] except for the interior of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=John |title=A History of Libya |date=2012 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-84904-227-7 |page=xv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WB50sqpZKk8C |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ayyubid]] emir Qaraqush marched into the Maghreb and according to al-Maqrizi had taken control of Cyrenaica on orders of [[Saladin]] who wanted to use the province as an agricultural base.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvTjCQAAQBAJ&q=ayyubid+cyrenaica&pg=PA114|title=Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)|isbn=9789004298576|last1=Baadj|first1=Amar S.|date=19 June 2015|publisher=BRILL }}</ref> The [[Mamluks]] were seemingly unable to exert any significant control and had to ally with the resident Bedouins to accept their [[suzerainty]] indirectly while paying taxes.<ref name="books.google.com" /> The [[Ottoman Empire]] later claimed suzerainty of Cyrenaica based on the Mamluk claim of suzerainty through alliance with the tribes. Cyrenaica was subsumed into [[Ottoman Libya]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93IgAwAAQBAJ&q=mamluk+cyrenaica+ottomans+claim&pg=PA406|title = Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History|isbn = 9781139851121|last1 = Lapidus|first1 = Ira M.|date = 22 October 2012| publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

In 1879, Cyrenaica became a [[wilayah]] of the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fz_AwAAQBAJ&q=cyrenaica+1879&pg=PA90|title = The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980|isbn = 9781400859023|last1 = Anderson|first1 = Lisa|date = 14 July 2014| publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> In 1888, it became a {{lang|tr|mutasarrıfiyya}} under a ''mutasarrif'' and was further divided into five qadaas. The [[Wali (administrative title)|wali]] of [[Ottoman Tripolitania]], however, looked after the military and judicial affairs. The bureaucratic setup was similar to the one in Tripoli. The mutasarrifate existed until the Italian invasion.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pWOAwAAQBAJ&q=cyrenaica+ottomans+1888&pg=PA33|title=The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State|isbn=9781135245023|last1=Baldinetti|first1=Anna|date=12 May 2014|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>